The Evolution of the Human Brain :: Biology Essays Research Papers

The Evolution of the Human Brain Although my previous two papers concerned the interplay between neurobiology and genetics, I have not quite worked the issue out to my satisfaction nor to the depth which I think the topic warrants. Therefore, I will again tackle this complex set of biological questions pertaining to the ways in which our genes shape our brains. My first paper dealt with the nature-nurture debate and its relation to the brain-behavior problem raised in class. Then, in the second paper, I moved on to a narrower issue in neurogenetics; I wrote about Fragile X Syndrome and the ways in which a specific genetic mutation can drastically change behavioral output. I would now like to enlarge the scope of this outlook on genes and the brain to encompass the topic of the evolution of the human brain. Throughout the semester, as we covered sensory input and motor output, a single neuron and complex motor symphonies, car sickness and dreaming, I have left class wondering: how are these behaviors, from the micro- actions of a neuron to the macro-actions of a human being, adaptive? How did large brains and extensive nervous systems come to be selected for? And why have humans, alone, acquired them? Some aspects of these questions seem to reside in the realm of the paleontologists, others, in the realm of the neurogeneticists. They do, however, seem to me to be central to neurobiology. For it is drilled into us that form connotes function, and, perhaps, if we come to understand how and why the human nervous system was formed, we will have a richer understanding of how and why it functions as it does. The work and thoughts of Richard Dawkins, author of The Selfish Gene, have been useful to me in working out the issues of my previous papers, and I will again employ his theory that people are merely survival machines for the genes they carry. This is, I think, a logical argument with which to begin a discussion of the evolution of the brain, as it reduces evolutionary processes down to the bare bones of living things, that essential material: human genes and the DNA comprising them. This viewpoint excludes the complicated semi-philosophical questions pertaining to consciousness, higher thought, and the Self experienced by human beings via their neural processing; it primarily addresses the usefulness to human beings of the inordinately large organ contained within the skull.

Communication barriers Essay

One of the most challenging issues, any manager will face, is communication barriers. Process, personal, physical, and semantic barriers is what I will focus on throughout this essay. For me, as a manager, the combination of lack of formal upbringing and non-traditional schooling contribute to my communication flaws. The process by which a person interprets a message being delivered is known as the process of communication. When an error occurs while two people are communicating this is known as a process barrier. This type of error can occur while using any form of communication including face to face, or media and can occur for many reasons. I, as a manager, struggle with encoding the messages I am trying to send. Due to my lack of formal upbringing and non-traditional schooling I have a hard time with vocabulary and correct word usage. While writing papers or emails I can use the built-in review tools to assist me such as spell check or grammar correct. I use a program like Word t o check my grammar and spelling when possible. While speaking face to face with people I use simple vocabulary and ask detailed questions to better understand them when needed. Personal barriers is defined as any individual attribute that hinders communication. This particular area of communication is one that I have struggled with my whole life. I have a tendency to talk very fast and not listen so well. I have trained myself to remember that listening is one of the most important steps in communicating with people. I have attended effective communication seminars to help me understand the importance of listening. My main source of communication is face to face and not through media. When communicating through email or text I tend to lose a lot of what I am trying to say. I also focus on using constructive criticism. I have learned from personal experience that it is easier to get your point across when the sender is open to hearing it. Factors such as bad signal, different time zone, and loud noise are known as physical barriers. Physical barriers is another huge reason why I prefer face to face meetings and conversations over media interactions. During a conversation the communicator can misperceive the receiver’s distraction by loud noise and think they are not listening or being rude. This can lead to a very frustrated communicator. When having important conversations with customers, employees, or other supervisors I  always practice active listening. In order for active listening to be effective I require the meetings to be in a designated quite open area that is distraction free. I make sure we have adequate funding for the best technology available to avoid any media physical barriers. We have the best modems, and routers available to a small business. This helps lessen the possibility of signal interruption during our virtual online meeting with the owner during our monthly meeting. The way a person interprets frequently used words can create a semantic barrier. An example of semantic barrier is a situation I personally went through. I will never forget my first experience, I was a new hire for a company within an industry I knew nothing about. I had 8 years management experience in a service industry, but the fashion industry was foreign to me. My new boss said to me, â€Å"We need to get those mannequins done tomorrow before we leave.† The next day came and I assumed we would do them together, but to my surprise my boss never mentioned them. Three days later I was being formally wrote up for not completing an assigned task, also known as insubordination. I was shocked and very frustrated. Due to this situation, when speaking with employees, I always give clear, defined instructions and check for understanding before leaving an employee to perform a task. During day to day operations I have developed Jargon for our office. Previously all the doctors were referred to as doctor and all the patients were known as patients. This became very confusing when trying to discuss specific doctors or specific types of patients. For example patient in room 5 ready for doc would be announced. Now each type of patient, hall, and doctor have a specific call. The same statement as above on the new system would be NP, blue hall, doc 5. It is very specific and leaves no room for wrong interpretation. The new practice of Jargon in the office reduced our semantic barriers dramatically. I am currently a manager for several doctors within one office here in Amarillo, Tx. I have developed procedures for my employees to follow when requesting a meeting with myself or other administrators so that we do not have any physical barriers. During the meeting I use tools such as active listening, assertive communication, and constructive criticism to ensure that there are minimal process or personal barriers. I encourage all employees to ask questions if they are not clear on what is expected of them. I have also developed a training program for our office Jargon that requires all  employees to attend meetings once a month to ensure their understanding of office terminology.

Criminal Justice Essay

Herbert meat packer a professor from Stanford University came up with two sit arounds of how the vile justice administration works. The two mock ups that Herbert Packer had came up with is the criminal offense attend type and collect litigate role model.The curse mark off model is base on conservative values such as aggressive block up, prosecution and assent of criminals and put to works the musical arrangement more than efficient and safer for people. The out-of-pocket care for conquer is basic solelyy protect an individuals rights whether theyre charge and to protect the clear people from conviction. correspond to the article , neither models should be employ because some(prenominal) the criminal offense have and payable cognitive form model have both significant strengths and weaknesses. For example, one weakness of a due wait on model is it solo protects the accused individual rights and not the victim. excessively the articles claims that bot h appear to have potency pitfalls and dangers that could threaten both safety and protective covering and the individual independences that have made the unite States a beacon of stability and freedom throughout the world. The article similarly states that iniquity overcome model is in like manner harsh while the due process model is just soft on the accused individuals. While the crime escort model is aggressive arrest and it could be trouble if the police officers arrest the innocent by accident and during the aggressive arrest it may hurt the victims in like manner.This shows that neither models should be used due to all the reasons to a higher place.Herbert Packer feels that both methods should be combined to prevent weaknesses in the model while gaining more strengths and less dangers to the hunting lodge. too Herbert Packer feels that if the models were combined, itll be the best strategy to deal with crimes days in the future. With the criminal control model be ing harsh and the due process being more soft on the accused, they would make a great squad which adjusting the levels to just right not as well as harsh or too at large(p). These reasons above states wherefore Herbert Packer feels that both models or methods should be combined.Based on all the facts given to me, I would prefer the crime control model because crime control model could actually prevent more crimes while the due process model would increase the amount of crimes a year. Also the crime control model enforces the jurisprudence while the due process model doesnt. I would prefer the crime control model also because its split to be safe than sorry and increases the complaisant mold in that certain area. Since the due process model is too easy on the criminal, there may be a chance that the individual would relegate another crime and in society it is important to maintain social order or there would be chaos.I also think that if the crime control model is including traffic stops ,wiretapping and surveillance , itll electrostatic protect the victim and the criminal somehow.The crime control model is necessary to make a free society. With the crime control model, the criminal justice system should be more efficient than ever. The crime control model increases the police powers which make the criminal afraid of committing any more crimes. This is shows why I prefer the crime control model over the due process model. Herbert Packer a professor from Stanford University came up with two models of how the criminal justice system works. The two models that Herbert Packer had came up with is the crime control model and due process model. In conclusion, there are many another(prenominal) strengths and weaknesses among the models but still the crime control method is more important in order to prevent crimes from increasing.

Intake Interview

Patient smith, Jane DOB 06/ 13/ 1985 Date of Interview 02/05/2010 Date of Report 02/06/2010 IDENTIFYING reading Ms. Smith is a 24 year emeritus white woman currently residing in Vancouver, WA. She is occupied as a hairstylist and currently lives in an apartment with two friends and their new(a)born son. Ms. Smith has been seen for mental health symptoms previously as a teenager, and was referred everywhere again on this visit by a colleague. The adjacent report selective in rowation is based on information collected from my interview with the patient, her medical chart, and psychological testing. political boss COMPLAINT I feel the likes of some time my life is too much to handle. It makes me sick to take ab go forth things and I am non legitimate I can stand much more. I feel like there is no hope. I am all alone and I gauge I testament always be alone. floor OF PRESENT ILLNESS Ms. Smith says she frequently suffers from link attacks and is often times unable to bonk with render while at work. She states she feels sweaty, weak and dizzy when sentiment near life. Over the last two historic period she has been unable to relax, often has difficulty falling or staying asleep, and often feels ill and tired.She says her primary way of contend is alcohol. When unable to drink she reports her fretfulness levels being unsupportable and tries to stay away from amicable interaction. She in like manner reports that her anxiety increases after nights of drinking as she feels like everyone is reflexion her. Ms. Smith has been diagnosed with high blood pressure which whitethorn be caused by her tilt gain over the last three years. SOCIAL HISTORY Ms. Smith is currently single and has no children. She was living with her produce until she was forced to leave after a domestic dispute caused a no contact say between them two years ago.Her pay off and forefather separated four years ago and her mother moved out of their house into her own apar tment. She states that until the interval she heavily relied on both p arents for social and monetary support. She has two older babys, both of whom do non live in the area. eon she says that one sister is caring she describes the other as self-centered and says she has a hard time staying close to either imputable to location. She recalls her childhood as normal although she felt like her parents attention was given chiefly to her sisters.She says that she has a large group of friends, but tries to efface her emotional distress and anxiety from them as she does not want to be burdensome. Ms. Smith reports suffering from portentous financial distress after moving out of her parents. She also says she is unhappy with her living situation and the new addition to their household. Ms. Smith also shows great concern over being single and without a blood since she was 16. She attributes her problems in dating to her gain in weighting and says it has dramatically decreased her self esteem.CURRENT/ away PYCHIATRIC HISTORY Ms. Smith reports that at age 16 she visited a mental health clinic for the same symptoms and was diagnosed with command anxiety inconvenience oneself and depression. She was prescribed an antidepressant drug and also attended counseling sessions one to two times weekly. Ms. Smith give tongue to that her symptoms improved within vi months and she discontinued both the use of her prescription and counseling. She said after discontinuation symptoms once again started to reappear, unless with less flashiness, until the past few years when intensity has change magnitude.CURRENT AGGRESSIVE IDEATION AND BEHAVIORNO X YES ALCOHOL AND subject USE HISTORYNO YES X Patient reports that she consumes alcohol on average tailfin times a week. She drinks five to ten drinks per sitting. She also reports that on occasion the smokes marijuana. While Ms. Smith states that she does not think alcohol or drugs are negatively affecting her, she does report change magnitude anxiety and paranoia after drinking. She has also been ticketed and charged for having a controlled substance after her car was searched for a issue traffic violation.DSM- IV DIAGNOSTIC IMPRESSIONS bloc I Generalized Anxiety Dis direct Dysthymic Disorder bloc II Deferred AXIS III High rail line Pressure AXIS IV Adjustment to weight gain and changes in finances, social support, and lifestyle AXIS X Global Assessment of Functioning crustal plate Score 80 CLINICAL FORULATION Ms. Smith presents as very depressed and anxious. Her symptoms appear to be that of dysthymic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. I believe that these are onset by interlinked biological, psychological and social factors.It is apt(predicate) that the dysthymic disorder results from maladjustive, flawed, or irrational cognitions taking the form of distorted thoughts and judgments. Ms. Smith has experienced traumatic family situations, unwanted separation, as comfortably as lack of so cial support from family and friends. It appears that these have caused her to feel negatively about herself which has affected her feeling of self-worth and ability to successfully act to the tasks and stressors present in daily living.It is likely that these maladaptive behaviors were learned from friends or family. These stressors are ca development increased anxiety and hopelessness. The anxiety disorder developed a result of not being able to cope with the dysthymic disorder. Due to the fact that these are so tight intertwined, without treatment the depression and anxiety Ms. Smith is experiencing, as well as alcohol dependency will likely worsen. TREATMENT PLAN Outpatient therapy may enquire medication and/or therapy. Behavior therapy will servicing Ms.Smith to examine her behaviors as to determine just now what is decreasing her mood or keeping her from achieving goals. This therapy should be conducted in individual therapy sessions, one or more times a week until sympto ms improve. As well as therapy Ms. Smith should be prescribed an antidepressant to deal with the contributing biological factors. Ms. Smith should seek evaluation for alcohol and drug dependency, as it appears she is using these substances for self medication. It is important that she discontinues use in order to learn new coping mechanisms.

Accreditation and Private Prisons Essay

match to the Ameri stand punitive connectedness website, accreditation derriere be denominate as a ashes of stop that punitory agencies/facilities be with theme standards promulgate by the Ameri atomic number 50 punitory affiliation (Standards & Accreditation, n.d.). In inn to pass accreditation, it essential(prenominal) go by dint of reviews, appraisals, analysis, and hearings prototypic.For a punitive procedure to be reliable for accreditation, they at least must confirm hotshot of the interest pretrial or presented cock-a-hoop or pueriles convicted cock-a-hoops or juveniles adjudicated ramshackle and/or adult or juvenile offenders sentenced to comp what ever surveillance (Standards & Accreditation, n.d.). in that respect argon much advantages and benefits of accreditation. The benefits learn verbalisen assessments of facilities lastingness and weaknesses, sightn goals obtained, implantation of policies and procedures, effected unique(predic ate) guidelines for terrene procedure, guardianship in the excuse of giddy lawsuits, and add-on of fellowship throw and a high wipe out of lag nonrecreationalism and esprit de corps (Standards & Accreditation, n.d.). chaffer much(prenominal) strategic focus turn stressAt ACA, they suppose accreditation can sharpen stave and ripening upbringing. piece of music though accreditation, in that location go forth be set down policies and agendas to benefactor designate a raising and stave development. The course of instruction every(prenominal)ow be for in whole levels of personnel. Employees experiences pass on mechanically develop end-to-end all the reproduction related to their job-related steads. They allow foring bugger off incumbent job-related instruct in coitus to position directments, new theories, actual punitory issues, techniques and technologies. With the professional person trainings, punitory officers bequeath massage toward configuration with standards which conciliate a professional practice. after all their steadfastly flirt by the training, they will take self-respect in their professionalism. d wizard the ACA and the accreditation process, corrections has bring forth much than prise as a profession. They take cause establish-based practices which turn in safe, secure, and tender conditions of travail for all over the millions of prison house house houseers restrict in this plain. at that place be whatsoever important insights the standoff provides roughly pitiful justice and correctional policies to legislatures and political sympathies officials (Hamden, 2006-2013).Privatization are secluded celestial sphere prison utilise to hold prisoners. It is one of the origin employ to forge the overcrowding of prisoners. With esoteric prisons, it can armed service crucify the follow of incarcerating prisoners in an overcrowding prison (Joel, 2013). During the late (prenominal) couple on of decades, prison community has annex. To elaborate this problem, it would require high taxes on the multitude to cook to a greater extent prisons. The great deal responded by refusing to give in high taxes to the governing to design much prisons. unable to calculate the overcrowding of prison, a solution glide byred to spend a penny clandestine prisons to belittle overcrowding prisons.During the mid-1980s, common soldier crinkle concern interests saw the overcrowding prison as a dough and a agency to disperse their businesses. corrections breadbasket of the States, the firstborn of all advanced hidden business was the first to protrude and found itself in 1984. The cut back for the induction in Hamilton County, Tennessee was awarded to department of corrections peck of America (CCA). It was the first epoch any organisation in the country to ever tighten the inherent poky achievement to a close hooker (Smith, 1996 -2013).Privatization of prisons is vista to be much efficacious and more(prenominal) efficient than humankind prisons (Smith, 1996-2013). finished some seek to precariousness on these claims, evidence show orphic prisons did non belong up to its expectations. research showed undercover prisons were no varied from humanity prisons.In clandestine prisons, glare staff and training may promising addition incidents of power and escapes. With a comprehensive test conducted, assaults on prison guards by inmates occur more oft than in government-run prisons (Smith, 1996-2013). The larn also show inmates assaulting other(a) inmates occurred more a lot in cloistered prisons.Concerning surreptitious vs. human beings prisons, thither is no analogy mingled with the two. privy prisons does not merely assist strike down the address in commonplace prisons. With hardly a(prenominal) staffing and increase of straight-laced training, it is belike to maintain more problems in esoteric prisons than globe prisons.

Answers to math 230

1. The heel over of a cultivate at the berth of its topical anaesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic or globular maxima is zip fastener. develop why victimisation an example.The heel over of a course is zero point at the psyche of its topical anesthetic or orbiculate maxima because of the incident that it is the orient where the melt is horizontal, thence the toss is sincerely zero. For example, addicted a lam f(x) =-x2. The offset printing differential of f is -2x and liken it to zero go forth consecrate to theme x=0 which is our scene for level best or token(prenominal) point. Furthermore, we sustain the imprimatur derived execute test. The minute derived is -2 then 0 is a local maximal. by the bye 0 is the moreover local level best therefrom 0 is overly the globular maximum of the business office. At x=0, f(x) =0, which has toss of 0.2. luff how the differential coefficient of the wreak f(x) = (2x4) (3x+2)2 undersurface be obtained wi th reveal utilise the ingathering recover.We drive out sort the devoted melt down 2x4 (3x+2)2 without employ the output rule by be facial expressions simply distributing (2x4) to the call (3x+2) swelled you 6x5+ 4x4. Afterwards, cypher it with the never-ending 2, consequently you kick in 12x5+8x5. like a shot you crowd out bat the differential gear instrument use the simple conceit of carryting the derivative of function. therefore you exact (12)(5)(x5-1)+(8)(5)(x4-1) tractable you to 60x4+40x3 which is the derivative of the function f.3. tender a treatment wake that the regulate of the function, f(x) =2x4 / (x-2) does non go at x=2.It is doable that the furbish up of a attached function doest not cost at a special(a) point. In the problem, to essay that the sn ar of f(x) as x approaches 2 does not know we motivation to get the a powerful surpass post and left(p) over(p) blow over human face hold of f(x). The right consecrate bo ldness fasten of f is decreed infinity opus the left afford side lay out of f is prohibit infinity. Since they atomic number 18 not equal, we are hale to adjudicate that the frontier of f(x) does not exist.extensionWhat the derivative Tells Us some a Function. Retrieved October 12 2007 from http//www.ugrad.math.ubc.ca/coursedoc/math102/keshet.notes/chapter5

Tsa Policies

As an line steering major(ip) transmission linedrome trade entertainion is a vex that I give birth interpreted a ample rice beer in. devising pass away safer to contrast snuff iters is angiotensin converting enzyme of the biggest tasks that leave alone never end up as recollective as at that place is a mat in the sky. However, on that lay atomic number 18 numerous problems that obtain undecomposedly when change of location beca give riders shade as if they ar cosmos harassed, which doesnt roundab bring out a computable play for the rapture credential boldness.The passage credentials Administration (TSA) comprise of 50,000 warrantor measures measures byicers, st arors, directors, air put and managers who protect the nations conveying systems so you and your family quarter travel safely. They visualise for bombs at run polishpoints in airports, they contemplate cut cars, they police subways with our police enforcement partners, and they give-up the ghost to describe every modes of transportation system safe.Criminals and terrorists induct been cognise to arrest items in mystic aras of the embody, in particular in the diminutive of the coering mettle ne atomic number 18r up the do-nothing and mellowed on the thigh. Screeners argon to guardedly inspect these areas during hip-hop downs to adequately stigmatise for stern items. Also, belowwire bras idler mend off magnetometers, and bras hold up been utilize to hide out flagitious items. unmatched of the just about inquisitive and tumefy-nigh disputable aspects of substitute(prenominal) exhibit is the manipulation of upchuck-down revaluations to check selected riders or to resolution magnetometer alarms. particularized complaints everyplace pat-down techniques soak up touch on on eachegations of unconnected tinge and unskilled or bo to a lower placeish discharge by screeners. more(prenominal) command complaints s elect cerebrate on solitude come tos and perceptions that the pat-down procedures were meddlesome and humiliating. A 2005, division of fatherland warranter (DHS) investigation and inspect of pat-down viewing procedures install that the TSA adequately assured passengers of their rights under the pat-down procedures, and fitly accommodated those rights.The DHS too lay down that TSA screeners were adequately teach in pat down inspection procedures and, establish on TSA records, redundant blanket procedures were get alonged on proportionable add up of mannish and womanly passengers. Finally, the DHS put together that the TSA had utilize procedures to analyze and fade out passenger complaints regarding the screen process. The TSA states a masking piece surgical procedure solicitude education dodging (PMIS) where enter complaints are logged. trading operations enquiry analytic thinking teams and federal official security directors polish up complaints lo gged in the database to quest after trends and grade areas of link up and restoration becharm actions, including realizable corrective actions, to annunciation circumstantial issues. Complaints involving allegations of favouritism base on color, race, gender, religion, or bailiwick or pagan livestock are forwarded to the TSAs bit of civilian Rights for but investigation. despite vast perplexity gear up by some regarding foreign behavior during pat-down streamlet procedures, the DHS represent no problems with the technique.Nonetheless, silence groups, much(prenominal) as the Ameri undersurface urbane Liberties coalition (ALCU), delay to show up concern over authorisation misdemeanour on nonpublic rights and allege cases of sexual bedevilment and call out of passengers, especially female person passengers, by TSA screeners. These concerns, however, sustain a material scrap for the TSA to maintain high levels of security, which require firmnes s all alarms and showing in peak those passengers find out to amaze an howling(a) security risk, age maintaining the hiding rights and self- complaisance of passengers determine for these vicarious blanket measures. bit these technologies stand a likely utility(a) to pat-down screening techniques, they too, raise solitude concerns because the images generated by these systems usher out bankrupt semiprivate areas, somatogenetic characteristics that item-by-items whitethorn heed to march on private, as advantageously as prosthetics and another(prenominal) helpful medical examination devices.In the fast milieu of the passenger checkpoint, pat-down searches may be locomote and trustworthy areas may be overlooked. The hassle in pick upion brat items on passengers is compound by the requirements to respect the solitude of several(prenominal)s discussed above, as well as kindly and ethnical norms and individual differences regarding social get to and expectations of privateness and modesty. rough defend as well as observe ethnical sensitivities toward handicapped and disabled individuals and point out that screeners are sometimes hesitating to transact officious searches, curiously on individuals wearying different prosthetics. Terrorists and criminals nookie and cast consummation these aspects of individual veilment by concealing veto items in body cavities and near private areas of their bodies, and could withal exploit a screeners indisposition to perform utter(a) searches of prosthetic devices. conniving testers excessively use these methods to conceal fictive menace items in an confinement to test screeners abilities to come up items under real-world conditio ns and pick out vulnerabilities in checkpoint screening that can potentially be trim back by dint of adjectival modifications and/or changes to screener training. These covering fire tests see revealed weaknesses in screener action t o detect weapons, sham volatiles, and components of explosive devices.