Prelude to Foundation Chapter 19 Dors Free Essays

string(154) " and that predisposed me in your favor, since I didn’t realize at the time that they were your hirelings, doing what you had instructed them to do\." SELDON, HARI-†¦ it is customary to think of Hari Seldon only in connection with psychohistory, to see him only as mathematics and social change personified. There is no doubt that he himself encouraged this for at no time in his formal writings did he give any hint as to how he came to solve the various problems of psychohistory. His leaps of thought might have all been plucked from air, for all he tells us. We will write a custom essay sample on Prelude to Foundation Chapter 19 Dors or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nor does he tell us of the blind alleys into which he crept or the wrong turnings he may have made†¦ As for his private life, it is a blank. Concerning his parents and siblings, we know a handful of factors, no more. His only son, Raych Seldon, is known to have been adopted, but how that came about is not known. Concerning his wife, we only know that she existed. Clearly, Seldon wanted to be a cipher except where psychohistory was concerned. It is as though he felt-or wanted it to be felt-that he did not live, he merely psychohistorified. Encyclopedia Galactica 91. Hummin sat calmly, not a muscle twitching, still looking at Hari Seldon and Seldon, for his part, waited. It was Hummin, he thought, who should speak next. Hummin did, but said merely, â€Å"A robot? Me?-By robot, I presume you mean an artificial being such as the object you saw in the Sacratorium in Mycogen.† â€Å"Not quite like that,† said Seldon. â€Å"Not metal? Not burnished? Not a lifeless simulacrum?† Hummin said it without any evidence of amusement. â€Å"No. To be of artificial life is not necessarily to be made of metal. I speak of a robot indistinguishable from a human being in appearance.’. â€Å"If indistinguishable, Hari, then how do you distinguish?† â€Å"Not by appearance.† â€Å"Explain.† â€Å"Hummin, in the course of my flight from yourself as Demerzel, I heard of two ancient worlds, as I told you-Aurora and Earth. Each seemed to be spoken of as a first world or an only world. In both cases, robots were spoken of, but with a difference.† Seldon was staring thoughtfully at the man across the table, wondering if, in any way, he would give some sign that he was less than a man-or more. He said, â€Å"Where Aurora was in question, one robot was spoken of as a renegade, a traitor, someone who deserted the cause. Where Earth was in question, one robot was spoken of as a hero, one who represented salvation. Was it too much to suppose that it was the same robot?† â€Å"Was it?† murmured Hummin. â€Å"This is what I thought, Hummin. I thought that Earth and Aurora were two separate worlds, co-existing in time. I don’t know which one preceded the other. From the arrogance and the conscious sense of superiority of the Mycogenians, I might suppose that Aurora was the original world and that they despised the Earthmen who derived from them-or who degenerated from them. â€Å"On the other hand, Mother Rittah, who spoke to me of Earth, was convinced that Earth was the original home of humanity and, certainly, the tiny and isolated position of the Mycogenians in a whole galaxy of quadrillions of people who lack the strange Mycogenian ethos might mean that Earth was indeed the original home and that Aurora was the aberrant offshoot. I cannot tell, but I pass on to you my thinking, so that you will understand my final conclusions.† Hummin nodded. â€Å"I see what you are doing. Please continue.† â€Å"The worlds were enemies. Mother Rittah certainly made it sound so. When I compare the Mycogenians, who seem to embody Aurora, and the Dahlites, who seem to embody Earth, I imagine that Aurora, whether first or second, was nevertheless the one that was more advanced, the one that could produce more elaborate robots, even ones indistinguishable from human beings in appearance. Such a robot was designed and devised in Aurora, then. But he was a renegade, so he deserted Aurora. To the Earthpeople he was a hero, so he must have joined Earth. Why he did this, what his motives were, I can’t say.† Hummin said, â€Å"Surely, you mean why it did this, what its motives were.† â€Å"Perhaps, but with you sitting across from me,† said Seldon, â€Å"I find it difficult to use the inanimate pronoun. Mother Rittah was convinced that the heroic robot-her heroic robot-still existed, that he would return when he was needed. It seemed to me that there was nothing impossible in the thought of an immortal robot or at least one who was immortal as long as the replacement of worn-out parts was not neglected.† â€Å"Even the brain?† asked Hummin. â€Å"Even the brain. I don’t really know anything about robots, but I imagine a new brain could be re-recorded from the old.-And Mother Rittah hinted of strange mental powers.-I thought: It must be so. I may, in some ways, be a romantic, but I am not so much a romantic as to think that one robot, by switching from one side to the other, can alter the course of history. A robot could not make Earth’s victory sure, nor Aurora’s defeat certain-unless there was something strange, something peculiar about the robot.† Hummin said, â€Å"Does it occur to you, Hari, that you are dealing with legends, legends that may have been distorted over the centuries and the millennia, even to the extent of building a veil of the supernatural over quite ordinary events? Can you make yourself believe in a robot that not only seems human, but that also lives forever and has mental powers? Are you not beginning to believe in the superhuman?† â€Å"I know very well what legends are and I am not one to be taken in by them and made to believe in fairy tales. Still, when they are supported by certain odd events that I have seen-and even experienced myself-â€Å" â€Å"Such as?† â€Å"Hummin, I met you and trusted you from the start. Yes, you helped me against those two hoodlums when you didn’t need to and that predisposed me in your favor, since I didn’t realize at the time that they were your hirelings, doing what you had instructed them to do. You read "Prelude to Foundation Chapter 19 Dors" in category "Essay examples"-But never mind that.† â€Å"No,† said Hummin, a hint of amusement-finally-in his voice. â€Å"I trusted you. I was easily convinced not to go home to Helicon and to make myself a wanderer over the face of Trantor. I believed everything you told me without question. I placed myself entirely in your hands. Looking back on it now, I see myself as not myself. I am not a person to be so easily led, yet I was. More than that, I did not even think it strange that I was behaving so far out of character.† â€Å"You know yourself best, Hari.† â€Å"It wasn’t only me. How is it that Dors Venabili, a beautiful woman with a career of her own, should abandon that career in order to join me in my flight? How is it that she should risk her life to save mine, seeming to take on, as a kind of holy duty, the cask of protecting me and becoming single-minded in the process? Was it simply because you asked her to?† â€Å"I did ask her to, Hari.† â€Å"Yet she does not strike me as the kind of person to make such a radical changeover in her life merely because someone asks her to. Nor could I believe it was because she had fallen madly in love with me at first sight and could not help herself. I somehow wish she had, but she seems quite the mistress of her emotional self, more-I am now speaking to you frankly-than I myself am with respect to her.† â€Å"She is a wonderful woman,† said Hummin. â€Å"I don’t blame you.† Seldon went on. â€Å"How is it, moreover, that Sunmaster Fourteen, a monster of arrogance and one who leads a people who are themselves stiff-necked in their own conceit, should be willing to take in tribespeople like Dors and myself and to treat us as well as the Mycogenians could and did? When we broke every rule, committed every sacrilege, how is it that you could still talk him into letting us go? â€Å"How could you talk the Tisalvers, with their petty prejudices, into taking us in? How can you be at home everywhere in the world, be friends with everyone, influence each person, regardless of their individual peculiarities? For that matter, how do you manage to manipulate Cleon too? And if he is viewed as malleable and easily molded, then how were you able to handle his father, who by all accounts was a rough and arbitrary tyrant? How could you do all this? â€Å"Most of all, how is it that Mannix IV of Wye could spend decades building an army without peer, one trained to be proficient in every detail, and yet have it fall apart when his daughter tries to make use of it? How could you persuade them to play the Renegade, all of them, as you have done?† Hummin said, â€Å"Might this mean no more than that I am a tactful person used to dealing with people of different types, that I am in a position to have done favors for crucial people and am in a position to do additional favors in the future? Nothing I have done, it might seem, requires the supernatural.† â€Å"Nothing you have done? Not even the neutralization of the Wyan army?† â€Å"They did not wish to serve a woman.† â€Å"They must have known for years that any time Mannix laid down his powers or any time he died, Rashelle would be their Mayor, yet they showed no signs of discontent-until you felt it necessary that they show it. Dors described you at one time as a very persuasive man. And so you are. More persuasive than any man could be. But you are not more persuasive than an immortal robot with strange mental powers might be.-Well, Hummin?† Hummin said, â€Å"What is it you expect of me, Hari? Do you expect me to admit I’m a robot? That I only look like a human being? That I am immortal? That I am a mental marvel?!† Seldon leaned toward Hummin as he sat there on the opposite side of the table. â€Å"Yes, Hummin, I do. I expect you to tell me the truth and I strongly suspect that what you have just outlined is the truth. You, Hummin, are the robot that Mother Rittah referred to as Da-Nee, friend of Ba-Lee. You must admit it. You have no choice.† 92. It was as though they were sitting in a tiny Universe of their own. There, in the middle of Wye, with the Wyan army being disarmed by Imperial force, they sat quietly. There, in the midst of events that all of Trantor-and perhaps all the Galaxy-was watching, there was this small bubble of utter isolation within which Seldon and Hummin were playing their game of attack and defense-Seldon trying hard to force a new reality, Hummin making no move to accept that new reality. Seldon had no fear of interruption. He was certain that the bubble within which they sat had a boundary that could not be penetrated, that Hummin’s-no, the robot’s-powers would keep all at a distance till the game was over. Hummin finally said, â€Å"You are an ingenious fellow, Hari, but I fail to see why I must admit that I am a robot and why I have no choice but to do so. Everything you say may be true as facts-your own behavior, Dors’s behavior, Sunmaster’s, Tisalver’s, the Wyan generals’-all, all may have happened as you said, but that doesn’t force your interpretation of the meaning of the events to be true. Surely, everything that happened can have a natural explanation. You trusted me because you accepted what I said; Dors felt your safety to be important because she felt psychohistory to be crucial, herself being a historian; Sunmaster and Tisalver were beholden to me for favors you know nothing of, the Wyan generals resented being ruled by a woman, no more. Why must we flee to the supernatural?† Seldon said, â€Å"See here, Hummin, do you really believe the Empire to be falling and do you really consider it important that it not be allowed to do so with no move made to save it or, at the least, cushion its Fall?† â€Å"I really do.† Somehow Seldon knew this statement was sincere. â€Å"And you really want me to work out the details of psychohistory and you feel that you yourself cannot do it?† â€Å"I lack the capability.† â€Å"And you feel that only I can handle psychohistory-even if I sometimes doubt it myself?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"And you must therefore feel that if you can possibly help me in any way, you must.† â€Å"I do.† â€Å"Personal feelings-selfish considerations-could play no part?† A faint and brief smile passed over Hummin’s grave face and for a moment Seldon sensed a vast and arid desert of weariness behind Hummin’s quiet manner. â€Å"I have built a long career on paying no heed to personal feelings or to selfish considerations.† â€Å"Then I ask your help. I can work out psychohistory on the basis of Trantor alone, but I will run into difficulties. Those difficulties I may overcome, but how much easier it would be to do so if I knew certain key facts. For instance, was Earth or Aurora the first world of humanity or was it some other world altogether? What was the relationship between Earth and Aurora? Did either or both colonize the Galaxy? If one, why didn’t the other? If both, how was the issue decided? Are there worlds descended from both or from only one? How did robots come to be abandoned? How did Trantor become the Imperial world, rather than another planet? What happened to Aurora and Earth in the meantime? There are a thousand questions I might ask right now and a hundred thousand that might arise as I go along. Would you allow me to remain ignorant, Hummin, and fail in my task when you could inform me and help me succeed?† Hummin said, â€Å"If I were the robot, would I have room in my brain for all of twenty thousand years of history for millions of different worlds?† â€Å"I don’t know the capacity of robotic brains. I don’t know the capacity of yours. But if you lack the capacity, then you must have that information which you cannot hold safely recorded in a place and in a way that would make it possible for you to call upon it. And if you have it and I need information, how can you deny and withhold it from me? And if you cannot withhold it from me, how can you deny that you are a robot-that robot the Renegade?† Seldon sat back and took a deep breath. â€Å"So I ask you again: Are you that robot? If you want psychohistory, then you must admit it. If you still deny you are a robot and if you convince me you are not, then my chances at psychohistory become much, much smaller. It is up to you, then. Are you a robot? Are you Da-Nee?† And Hummin said, as imperturbable as ever. â€Å"Your arguments are irrefutable. I am R. Daneel Olivaw. The ‘R’ stands for ‘robot.’ â€Å" 93. R. Daneel Olivaw still spoke quietly, but it seemed to Seldon that there was a subtle change in his voice, as though he spoke more easily now that he was no longer playing a part. â€Å"In twenty thousand years,† said Daneel, â€Å"no one has guessed I was a robot when it was not my intention to have him or her know. In part, that was because human beings abandoned robots so long ago that very few remember that they even existed at one time. And in part, it is because I do have the ability to detect and affect human emotion. The detection offers no trouble, but to affect emotion is difficult for me for reasons having to do with my robotic nature-although I can do it when I wish. I have the ability but must deal with my will not to use it. I try never to interfere except when I have no choice but to do so. And when I do interfere, it is rarely that I do more than strengthen, as little as I can, what is already there. If I can achieve my purposes without doing even so much, I avoid it. â€Å"It was not necessary to tamper with Sunmaster Fourteen in order to have him accept you-I call it ‘tampering,’ you notice, because it is not a pleasant thing to do. I did not have to tamper with him because he did owe me for favors rendered and he is an honorable man, despite the peculiarities you found in him. I did interfere the second time, when you had committed sacrilege in his eyes, but it took very little. He was not anxious to hand you over to the Imperial authorities, whom he does not like. I merely strengthened the dislike a trifle and he handed you over to my care, accepting the arguments I offered, which otherwise he might have considered specious. â€Å"Nor did I tamper with you noticeably. You distrusted the Imperials too. Most human beings do these days, which is an important factor in the decay and deterioration of the Empire. What’s more, you were proud of psychohistory as a concept, proud of having thought of it. You would not have minded having it prove to be a practical discipline. That would have further fed your pride.† Seldon frowned and said, â€Å"Pardon me, Master Robot, but I am not aware that I am quite such a monster of pride.† Daneel said mildly, â€Å"You are not a monster of pride at all. You are perfectly aware that [it] is neither admirable nor useful to be driven by pride, so you try to subdue that drive, but you might as well disapprove of having yourself powered by your heartbeat. You cannot help either fact. Though you hide your pride from yourself for the sake of your own peace of mind, you cannot hide it from me. It is there, however carefully you mask it over. And I had but to strengthen it a touch and you were at once willing to take measures to hide from Demerzel, measures that a moment before you would have resisted. And you were eager to work at psychohistory with an intensity that a moment before you would have scorned. â€Å"I saw no necessity to touch anything else and so you have reasoned out your robothood. Had I foreseen the possibility of that, I might have stopped it, but my foresight and my abilities are not infinite. Nor am I sorry now that I failed, for your arguments are good ones and it is important that you know who I am and that I use what I am to help you. â€Å"Emotions, my dear Seldon are a powerful engine of human action, far more powerful than human beings themselves realize, and you cannot know how much can be done with the merest touch and how reluctant I am to do it.† Seldon was breathing heavily, trying to see himself as a man driven by pride and not liking it. â€Å"Why reluctant?† â€Å"Because it would be so easy to overdo. I had to stop Rashelle from converting the Empire into a feudal anarchy. I might have bent minds quickly and the result might well have been a bloody uprising. Men are men-and the Wyan generals are almost all men. It does not actually take much to rouse resentment and latent fear of women in any man. It may be a biological matter that I, as a robot, cannot fully understand. â€Å"I had but to strengthen the feeling to produce a breakdown in her plans. If I had done it the merest millimeter too much, I would have lost what I wanted-a bloodless takeover. I wanted nothing more than to have them not resist when my soldiers arrived.† Daneel paused, as though trying to pick his words, then said, â€Å"I do not wish to go into the mathematics of my positronic brain. It is more than I can understand, though perhaps not more than you can if you give it enough thought. However, I am governed by the Three Laws of Robotics that are traditionally put into words-or once were, long ago. They are these: † ‘One. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. † ‘Two. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. † ‘Three. A robot must protect its own existence, as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.’ â€Å"But I had a†¦ a friend twenty thousand years ago. Another robot. Not like myself. He could not be mistaken for a human being, but it was he who had the mental powers and it was through him that I gained mine. â€Å"It seemed to him that there should be a still more general rule than any of the Three Laws. He called it the Zeroth Law, since zero comes before one. It is: † ‘Zero. A robot may not injure humanity or, through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm.’ â€Å"Then the First Law must read: † ‘One. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm, except where that would conflict with the Zeroth Law.’ â€Å"And the other laws must be similarly modified. Do you understand?† Daneel paused earnestly and Seldon said, â€Å"I understand.† Daneel went on. â€Å"The trouble is, Hari, that a human being is easy to identify. I can point to one. It is easy to see what will harm a human being and what won’t-relatively easy, at least. But what is humanity? To what can we point when we speak of humanity? And how can we define harm to humanity? When will a course of action do more good than harm to humanity as a whole and how can one tell? The robot who first advanced the Zeroth law died-became permanently inactive-because he was forced into an action that he felt would save humanity, yet which he could not be sure would save humanity. And as he became inactivated, he left the care of the Galaxy to me. â€Å"Since then, I have tried. I have interfered as little as possible, relying on human beings themselves to judge what was for the good. They could gamble; I could not. They could miss their goals; I did not dare. They could do harm unwittingly; I would grow inactive if I did. The Zeroth Law makes no allowance for unwitting harm. â€Å"But at times I am forced to take action. That I am still functioning shows that my actions have been moderate and discreet. However, as the Empire began to fail and to decline, I have had to interfere more frequently and for decades now I have had to play the role of Demerzel, trying to run the government in such a way as to stave off ruin-and yet I will function, you see. â€Å"When you made your speech to the Decennial Convention, I realized at once that in psychohistory there was a tool that might make it possible to identify what was good and bad for humanity. With it, the decisions we would make would be less blind. I would even trust to human beings to make those decisions and again reserve myself only for the greatest emergencies. So I arranged quickly to have Cleon learn of your speech and call you in. Then, when I heard your denial of the worth of psychohistory, I was forced to think of some way to make you try anyway. Do you understand, Hari?† More than a little daunted, Seldon said, â€Å"I understand, Hummin.† â€Å"To you, I must remain Hummin on those rare occasions when I will be able to see you. I will give you what information I have if it is something you need and in my persona as Demerzel I will protect you as much as I can. As Daneel, you must never speak of me.† â€Å"I wouldn’t want to,† said Seldon hurriedly. â€Å"Since I need your help, it would ruin matters to have your plans impeded.† â€Å"Yes, I know you wouldn’t want to.† Daneel smiled wearily. â€Å"After all, you are vain enough to want full credit for psychohistory. You would not want anyone to know-ever-that you needed the help of a robot.† Seldon flushed. â€Å"I am not-â€Å" â€Å"But you are, even if you carefully hide it from yourself. And it is important, for I am strengthening that emotion within you minimally so that you will never be able to speak of me to others. It will not even occur to you that you might do so.† Seldon said, â€Å"I suspect Dors knows-â€Å" â€Å"She knows of me. And she too cannot speak of me to others. Now that you both know of my nature, you can speak of me to each other freely, but not to anyone else.† Daneel rose.-Hari, I have my work to do now. Before long, you and Dors will be taken back to the Imperial Sector-â€Å" â€Å"The boy Raych must come with me. I cannot abandon him. And there is a young Dahlite named Yugo Amaryl-â€Å" â€Å"I understand. Raych will be taken too and you can do with any friend as you will. You will all be taken care of appropriately. And you will work on psychohistory. You will have a staff. You will have the necessary computers and reference material. I will interfere as little as possible and if there is resistance to your views that does not actually reach the point of endangering the mission, then you will have to deal with it yourself.† â€Å"Wait, Hummin,† said Seldon urgently. â€Å"What if, despite all your help and all my endeavors, it turns out that psychohistory cannot be made into a practical device after all? What if I fail?† Daneel rose. â€Å"In that case, I have a second plan in hand. One I have been working on a long time on a separate world in a separate way. It too is very difficult and to some ways even more radical than psychohistory. It may fail too, but there is a greater chance of success if two roads are open than if either one alone was. â€Å"Take my advice, Hari! If the time comes when you are able to set up some device that may act to prevent the worst from happening see if you can think of two devices, so that if one fails, the other will carry on. The Empire must be steadied or rebuilt on a new foundation. Let there be two such, rather than one, if that is possible.† He rose, â€Å"Now I must return to my ordinary work and you must turn to yours. You will be taken care of.† With one final nod, he rose and left. Seldon looked after him and said softly, â€Å"First I must speak to Dors.† 94. Dors said, â€Å"The palace is cleared. Rashelle will not be physically harmed. And you’ll return to the Imperial Sector, Hari.† â€Å"And you, Dors?† said Seldon in a low tight voice. â€Å"I presume I will go back to the University,† she said. â€Å"My work is being neglected, my classes abandoned.† â€Å"No, Dors, you have a greater task.† â€Å"What is that?† â€Å"Psychohistory. I cannot tackle the project without you.† â€Å"Of course you can. I am a total illiterate in mathematics.† â€Å"And I in history-and we need both.† Dors laughed. â€Å"I suspect that, as a mathematician, you are one of a kind. I, as a historian, am merely adequate, certainly not outstanding. You will find any number of historians who will suit the needs of psychohistory better than I do.† â€Å"In that case, Dors, let me explain that psychohistory needs more than a mathematician and a historian. It also needs the will to tackle what will probably be a lifetime problem. Without you, Dors, I will not have that will.† â€Å"Of course you’ll have it.† â€Å"Dors, if you’re not with me, I don’t intend to have it.† Dors looked at Seldon thoughtfully. â€Å"This is a fruitless discussion, Hari. Undoubtedly, Hummin will make the decision. If he sends me back to the University.† â€Å"He won’t.† â€Å"How can you be sure?† â€Å"Because I’ll put it to him plainly. If he sends you back to the University, I’ll go back to Helicon and the Empire can go ahead and destroy itself.† â€Å"You can’t mean it.† â€Å"But I certainly do.† â€Å"Don’t you realize that Hummin can arrange to have your feelings change so that you will work on psychohistory-even without me?† Seldon shook his head. â€Å"Hummin will not make such an arbitrary decision. I’ve spoken to him. He dares not do much to the human mind because he is bound by what he calls the Laws of Robotics. To change my mind to the point where I will not want you with me, Dors, would mean a change of the kind he can not risk. On the other hand, if he leaves me alone and if you join me in the project, he will have what he wants-a true chance at psychohistory. Why should he not settle for that?† Dors shook her head. â€Å"He may not agree for reasons of his own.† â€Å"Why should he disagree? You were asked to protect me, Dors. Has Hummin canceled that request?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"Then he wants you to continue your protection. And I want your protection.† â€Å"Against what? You now have Hummin’s protection, both as Demerzel and as Daneel, and surely that is all you need.† â€Å"If I had the protection of every person and every force in the Galaxy, it would still be yours I would want.† â€Å"Then you don’t want me for psychohistory. You want me for protection.† Seldon scowled. â€Å"No! Why are you twisting my words? Why are you forcing me to say what you must know? It is neither psychohistory nor protection I want you for. Those are excuses and I’ll use any other I need. I want you-just you. And if you want the real reason, it is because you are you.† â€Å"You don’t even know me.† â€Å"That doesn’t matter. I don’t care.-And yet I do know you in a way. Better than you think.† â€Å"Do you indeed?† â€Å"Of course. You follow orders and you risk your life without hesitation and with no apparent care for the consequences. You learned how to play tennis so quickly. You learned how to use knives even more quickly and you handled yourself perfectly in the fight with Marron. Inhumanly-if I may say so. Your muscles are amazingly strong and your reaction time is amazingly fast. You can somehow tell when a room is being eavesdropped and you can be in touch with Hummin in some way that does not involve instrumentation.† Dors said, â€Å"And what do you think of all that?† â€Å"It has occurred to me that Hummin, in his persona as R. Daneel Olivaw, has an impossible task. How can one robot try to guide the Empire? He must have helpers.† â€Å"That is obvious. Millions, I should imagine. I am a helper. You are a helper. Little Raych is a helper.† â€Å"You are a different kind of helper.† â€Å"In what way? Hari, say it. If you hear yourself say it, you will realize how crazy it is.† Seldon looked long at her and then said in a low voice, â€Å"I will not say it because†¦ I don’t care.† â€Å"You really don’t? You wish to take me as I am?† â€Å"I will take you as I must. You are Dors and, whatever else you are, in all the world I want nothing else.† Dors said softly, â€Å"Hari, I want what is good for you because of what I am, but I feel that if I wasn’t what I am, I would still want what is good for you. And I don’t think I am good for you.† â€Å"Good for me or bad, I don’t care.† Here Hari looked down as he paced a few steps, weighing what he would say next. â€Å"Dors, have you ever been kissed?† â€Å"Of course, Hari. It’s a social part of life and I live socially.† â€Å"No, no! I mean, have you ever really kissed a man? You know, passionately?† â€Å"Well yes, Hari, I have.† â€Å"Did you enjoy it?† Dors hesitated. She said, â€Å"When I’ve kissed in that way, I enjoyed it more than I would have enjoyed disappointing a young man I liked, someone whose friendship meant something to me.† At this point, Dors blushed and she turned her face away. â€Å"Please, Hari, this is difficult for me to explain.† But Hari, more determined now than ever, pressed further. â€Å"So you kissed for the wrong reasons, then, to avoid hurt feelings.† â€Å"Perhaps everyone does, in a sense.† Seldon mulled this over, then said suddenly, â€Å"Did you ever ask to be kissed?† Dors paused, as though looking back on her life. â€Å"No.† â€Å"Or wish to be kissed again, once you had?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"Have you ever slept with a man?† he asked softly, desperately. â€Å"Of course. I told you. These things are a part of life.† Hari gripped her shoulders as if he was going to shake her. â€Å"But have you ever felt the desire, a need for that kind of closeness with just one special person? Dors, have you ever felt love.† Dors looked up slowly, almost sadly, and locked eyes with Seldon. â€Å"I’m sorry, Hari, but no.† Seldon released her, letting his arms fall dejectedly to his sides. Then Dors placed her hand gently on his arm and said, â€Å"So you see, Hari. I’m not really what you want.† Seldon’s head drooped and he stared at the floor. He weighed the matter and tried to think rationally. Then he gave up. He wanted what he wanted and he wanted it beyond thought and beyond rationality. He looked up. â€Å"Dors, dear, even so, I don’t care.† Seldon put his arms around her and brought his head close to hers slowly, as though waiting for her to pull away, all the while drawing her nearer. Dors made no move and he kissed her-slowly, lingeringly, and then passionately-and her arms suddenly tightened around him. When he stopped at last, she looked at him with eyes that mirrored her smile and she said: â€Å"Kiss me again, Hari. Please.† [1] All quotations from the Encyclopedia Galactica here reproduced are taken from the 116th Edition, published 1,020 FE by the Encyclopedia Galactica Publishing Co., Terminus, with permission of the publishers.) How to cite Prelude to Foundation Chapter 19 Dors, Essay examples

Labor Theory Supply and Public Policy †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Labor Theory Supply and Public Policy. Answer: Introduction The essay elucidates on the relationship between the pay and performance of the employees in the organization. The employees rewards are reliant on the project completion and their job performance. The study also highlights on the objectives, goals and the functions of the Australias Fair Work Commission (FWC). The FWC is an independent institution that carries out the functions in relation to employment (Schmitt, 2013). The efficiency wage theory and the concepts relating to general labor supply and backward bending supply curve is also explained in this essay. The implementation of efficiency wage theory in the firms and the issues encountered in it is also highlighted in this study. The recommendations on the efficiency wage theory are also given in this study. The FWC mainly operates in social, industrial and economic environment, which is subject to recurrent changes. The main objectives of Australias FWC are to provide fairness in workplace and manage difficult circumstances in the business organizations. The goals of FWC are to recognize the diverse needs as well as expectations of the community and high compliance levels with legislative obligations. Their strategic goals include- efficiency, innovations, rising accountability and enhancing productivity. This independent body carry out certain functions that includes- Promote cooperative and prolific relations in workplace Resolve dismissal claims Set national least wage Approving the agreements of business enterprise Deal with common protection claims Assist with the resolution of organizational disputes Assist the bargaining procedure for agreements in business enterprise The free service that FWC provides includes- Educating Australians about fair practices in work Building strong relationships with the stakeholders and industry Enforce laws in workplace and deter employees in doing wrong thing in community Evaluating breaches of laws in workplace Efficiency wage theory, General labor supply and pay performance structure The concept of efficiency wage theory explains that a company might benefit from becoming highly productive if they pay their employees the wages that is higher than the equilibrium level. According to efficiency wage theories, the company benefits in four ways from less workers turnover, higher workers effort, skilled employees and rise in employees health. These are explained as: Increase in workers effort level- This theory reflects that the employees whose wage is above equilibrium wage will put more effort than those employees who are paid less than the equilibrium wage. Moreover, the workers slack off as higher wage leads to increase in opportunity cost of job loss (Lavoie and Stockhammer, 2013) Hence, it can be stated that there is a direct relationship between employees wages and their effort. The relationship between efforts per employees is given as- Ei= e[Wi/ We], where Ei= workers effort, Wi= Wage given by the company and We= Expected existing wage outside firm. Decline in employees turnover- This theory explains that the wage above equilibrium wage decreases costly workers turnover. This explains that if the employees benefits outweigh cost , then they will choose to stay. Analogously, if business cost outweigh their benefits, then they will choose to quit. However, if the workers turnover decreases, then some resources might freed up and hence can be utilized in efficient processes. Rise in workers quality- It suggests that efficiency wages will attract highly skilled employees in the business. The entity will offer efficiency wage to high quality workers in order to retain them in business (Shields et al., 2015). Thus, low quality workers will work for the equilibrium wage as high quality workers demand higher wages from the company. Improve in employees health- This explains that the employees who are paid higher wages will improve their health and productivity. The reason behind this is that higher wage improves the standard of living of the workers. However, this raises the employees quality of living, which results in better health. This improve in workers health increases productive than those workers who are paid less wages. There are various sub models of efficiency wage theories including -shirking model, fair wage-effort model, adverse selection model and turnover model. These models of efficiency wage assert that the workers productivity in the organization is directly related with the wages that the workers receive. This sub- models is illustrated below: Shirking model- This model highlights that higher wage paid to the worker increases the risk of losing their job. However, the risk of shirking of employees reduces. Fair wage-effort model- According to this model, if fair wage is not given to the employees, then the workers do not give higher effort in their work. Adverse selection model- In this case, if the wage to be paid to the workers is above the equilibrium wage in the labor market, then it helps the entity in choosing better workers from large pool. Turnover model- This model reflects that if the wages paid to the workers is higher than what they receive in other firms, then it will decrease the turnover in the entity. Thus, it also reduces the coat of firms in hiring as well as training their workers. The SG Company is one of the main driving factors of the Singapore economy. The efficiency wage theory of this company has improved the firms performance. This means that as the SG Company increased the pay of their employees, the total productivity in the business improved. Although there has no changes in the responsibilities of their employees, implementation of new technologies required the skills of their employees. However, the company strategized to hire skilled employees by offering them higher pay. This strategy of utilization of skill-based pay as well as knowledge- based pay improved their job performance. This organization has also adopted flexible work pattern for improving productivity and save the cost of overtime. Even they introduced a plan of paying their employees one and half times higher than basic pay rate of employees who are working for overtime. The managers of this organization chose to pay efficiency wage in order to avoid decrease in turnover, shirking and attract skilled workers.This implementation of efficiency wage improved skills and productivity. This in turn improved the firms performance and helped this company in expanding their business in global market. General labor supply Labor supply refers to the total work hours that the employees wishes to work at a particular wage rate. Higher wages encourages the employees in supplying more labor as works becomes more attractive in comparison to leisure (Burdett Mortensen, 2012). Thus, the labor supply curve becomes upward sloping. The factors that influences the workers labor supply includes- Substitution effect of increase in wages- Increase in wages will provide higher value to employees work than leisure. If the work becomes more profitable, then it raises the opportunity cost of leisure. Hence, the substitution effect leads to rise in work hours owing to rise in wages. Income effect of high wages- In this case, the rise in wages causes the employees to work for less hours. The reason behind this is that the employees might get higher pay by working for few hours (Trevor, Reilly Gerhart, 2012). Thus, this might lead to less work by the employees in business. However, after rise in wages, the employees might work less as they achieve their income by spending lesser hours in working. Therefore, if substitution effect becomes greater than income effect of rise in wages, then the labor supply curve slopes upward. On the other hand, if the income effect becomes stronger than substitution effect beyond a particular wage rate, then the labor supply curve turns in backward direction. The labor supply curve shifts in response to variation in changes to range of factors that includes- Change in workers preferences- Change in workers attitude towards leisure and work shifts the labor supply curve. If the employees decide to value more leisure, then they might work for lesser hours for the wage and this will shift the labor supply curve to left. Variation in income- The rise in income will reduce the labor supply. The variation in income results from variation in wages that is shown by movement along supply curve Change in product price- Several products are usually labor complements. This means that if the price of product changes, the workers might choose in consuming more time in leisure and hence supply less labor. Changes in total population- Increase in total population increase the labor supply while decrease in population lowers it. The organizations of labor opposes to rise in immigration as increase in total number of employees shifts the labor supply curve in rightward direction. Variation in expectations- Variation in expectations will impact on the labor supply is expectancy in life. The backward bending supply curve of labor refers to the condition in which as the wages rises beyond the particular level, then the employees substitute leisure with respect to their total time in work. However, increase in wage leads to decline in supply of labor and hence less time for labor has being offered for sale (Canto, Joines Laffer, 2014). This contrast indicates that higher wage tempt the employees to spend more hours in work for wage. Therefore, backward bending supply curve of labor occurs when higher pay basically entice employees in working less and consume high time for leisure. Pay performance structure Pay for performance framework implies pay that is directly related to the performance of an employee in meeting the objectives of the business. The managers of the specific business frames performance goal to which the workers are held accountable (Gerhart, B., Fang, M, 2014). The performance of the workers are mainly analyzed with the help of metrics that can be either financial indicators or indirect indicators namely consumer satisfaction, development speed etc. In addition, schemes for pay performance combines fixed salary with different pay component, which varies with the performance of an individual. It has been stated by Fang, M., Gerhart (2012), better performance of an employee will receive higher pay band while poor performance of an individual will get low pay band. This pay for performance structure is also termed as incentive pay. In real world, this efficiency wage theory is sometimes not effective in maximizing profit of the business organizations. The models of efficiency wage attempts in predicting the behavior of the organizations and trade-off in the process of decision making. One thing that is common in all efficiency wage framework is that if the wages paid to the workers are above the market clearing level, then the production costs of the companys increases that in turn generates involuntary unemployment. In Singapore, the electronics-manufacturing sector is the main driving force of this economy as it contributes to higher percentage of this countrys GDP growth rate. It has been noted from the recent study that pay performance framework differs among the electronics firms (Fabris, 2013). The utilization of skilled-based pay as well as knowledge based pay has been widespread among this industry. This practice has been common among all the staffs that includes- skilled employees, mangers, supervisors etc. The difference in percentage of minimum and maximum pay for managerial staff ranged from 25% to 379%. In addition, few companies of this industry did not adjust the pay of their workers for acquiring management development or training program. However, they did provide efficiency wage to the employees of high quality. The pay range also varied in higher percentage among the senior managers and other executives. The various issues that this industry of this nation faces owing to implem entation of this theory includes- Inadequate criteria in measuring employees performance Inappropriate systems for performance appraisal Lack of regular performance feedback In some companies, the pay system has not been designed in meeting the objectives of the business Combination of intrinsic as well as extrinsic rewards has been absent in few firms. Absence of scheme assessment in regular way Lack of proper pay quantum Recommendations The recommendations for the implementation of the efficiency wage theory in the business organizations includes- The companies must design their performance pay structure in such a way that it satisfies the needs of the workers while achieving their business targets (Weiss, 2014). The performance pay framework must be designed in proper way for promoting the quality of performance that an organization requires. Before designing the framework, they must Analyze the business objectives and targets The business policies as well as practices must be mentioned in their offer letter The company should provide good business environment to the employees Proper training and development program should be provided to each employees Appropriate metric should be implemented by the company in order to assess the performance of workers in accurate way The intrinsic system of reward must be strengthened through consultation, good communication, job satisfaction, participatory systems etc. The employees must be consulted in order to ascertain that the desired business objectives can be met Conclusion The efficiency wage concept has become popular over the last few decades in the organizations of both the developed and developing countries. These concept also indicates dispersion in wage and involuntary unemployment that occurs within the firms. In these efficiency wage structure, the companies generally chooses to pay higher wages to skilled and knowledgeable employees in order to decrease employees turnover, eliminate shirking and increase productivity. Moreover, as the firm increases the wage of high quality employees, the low graded employees were given less pay. As a result, some employees quit the job and hence this leads to involuntary unemployment in the economy. This in other way adversely affects the GDP (Gross domestic product) growth of the respective economy. References Burdett, K., Mortensen, D. T. (2012). Labor supply under uncertainty. In35th Anniversary Retrospective(pp. 5-53). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Canto, V. A., Joines, D. H., Laffer, A. B. (2014).Foundations of supply-side economics: Theory and evidence. Academic Press. De Franco, G., Hope, O. K., Larocque, S. (2013). The effect of disclosure on the pay-performance relation.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,32(5), 319-341. Dunlop, J., Segrave, M. (2016).The theory of wage determination. Springer. Ehrenberg, R. G., Smith, R. S. (2016).Modern labor economics: Theory and public policy. Routledge. Keeley, M. C. (2013).Labor supply and public policy: A critical review. Elsevier. Fang, M., Gerhart, B. (2012). Does pay for performance diminish intrinsic interest?.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,23(6), 1176-1196. Fabris, N. (2013). Efficiency-wage model.Sociologija,55(3), 461-474. Frey, B. S., Homberg, F., Osterloh, M. (2013). Organizational control systems and pay-for-performance in the public service.Organization Studies,34(7), 949-972. McDermott, A. M., Conway, E., Rousseau, D. M., Flood, P. C. (2013). Promoting effective psychological contracts through leadership: The missing link between HR strategy and performance.Human Resource Management,52(2), 289-310. Gerhart, B., Fang, M. (2014). Pay for (individual) performance: Issues, claims, evidence and the role of sorting effects.Human Resource Management Review,24(1), 41-52. Lavoie, M., Stockhammer, E. (2013). Wage-led growth: Concept, theories and policies. InWage-led Growth(pp. 13-39). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Kruppe, T., Rogowski, R., Schmann, K. (2013).Labour market efficiency in the European Union: Employment protection and fixed term contracts. Routledge Schmitt, J. (2013). Why does the minimum wage have no discernible effect on employment?.Center for Economic and Policy Research,22, 1-28. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., ... Plimmer, G. (2015).Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press.Weiss, A. (2014).Efficiency wages: Models of unemployment, layoffs, and wage dispersion. Princeton University Press. Trevor, C. O., Reilly, G., Gerhart, B. (2012). Reconsidering pay dispersion's effect on the performance of interdependent work: Reconciling sorting and pay inequality.Academy of Management Journal,55(3), 585-610.

Kingwood Lincoln in Corby Northamptonsire

Question: Analysing a Problem and Suggesting Complex Solutions of Kingwood Lincoln in Corby Northamptonsire? Answer: Introduction The study has described the research into the significance of the nature to KINGWOOD LINCOLN in NORTHAMPTONSIRE communities, while experienced during the publicly available green spaces. Open space undertaken it for English Nature, in 2003 it was carried out over the spring and summer for using a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methodology. The study provides by English Nature, it was set within the background of national and regional policy England-Joseph, J. (1998). The study and modified the methodology was developed by the researchers for better reflection. For the researchers it is one of the research cornerstones centres philosophies. The interviewing members of public are involved in research during the number of focus group discussions which is held in different part of the Kingwood Lincoln Northamptonsire. Thus, the focus group research conversant the development of a questionnaire used for data congregation from the broader sample of member of the public, they visiting a number of different green parts widely circulated around the Kingwood Lincoln in northamptonsire Goodman, W. and Freund, E. (1968). There are a number of last initiatives in the Kingwood Lincoln in Northamptonsire region to which this study is applicable and a context had provided by them for the development of the project. If this study will be useful or can influence to other initiative then it will help to more demonstrate the social value of nature. There are some investigations included and these are as follows: There is finding this study and their work. EMDA find the regional household survey, the regional assembly and the learning and skill council uses Euroqual, indicators which calculate peoples sense and how good they feel. For communities areas in the Kingwood Lincoln in Northamptonsire there are three new deals where social regeneration and economic are taking place. Literature review: The literature review is in the direction of increasing support for the creation, development and existence of green space. This document explores economic, social, health and environment benefits of the development of green space. If the detail has been separated into sub- sections there are overlaps between areas of centre. A green space can include natural play space for children, urban agriculture, rooftop and balcony gardens, community, community compost sites, cycling routes and community orchards Parke, R. and Clarke-Stewart, A. (2011). Critical community development Green area still in urban areas where more limited space can develop many things. Some of the option is explores by this document, including stories and examples different communities. There are some some activities and creations are included: Community orchards Natural play space Collective gardening and community Recreational fields Urban agriculture Traffic calming and street reclaiming Rooftop gardens Reclaiming city boulevards Community gathering spaces At the end of this document there is a list of resources. Green space in urban area is densely populated in the comparison of West Broadway neighbourhood. The urban area is beneficial on many levels including economic, health, environmental, social and safety levels. Considering these benefits now enable residents, businesses and community organisation, as well as urban areas, to enthusiastically and effectively incorporate and improve green space in the community PenÃÅ'Æ’a Reyes, M. (2002). The historical Context The green space community is providing for all people and a child, the study and methodology was developed by the researches for best reflection. There we can see some positive and negative effect. There are a number of last proposal in the kingwood Lincoln in Northamptonshire area to which this study is applicable and context had provided by them for the development of the project PenÃÅ'Æ’a Reyes, M. (2002). This document explores economic, social, health and environment benefits of the green space development. There are many activities and creation. The urban area is beneficial on many levels but these benefits now enable resident, community organization and business as well as urban area. Sustainable community During its sustainable communities and green spaces invited the huge lottery fund provided support for nearly 3,500 projects and it spread across the UK. Every parts of the UK had their own programme. Commonly projects supported through GSSC, which have invested in a good future for places and for people. In result, now there are new community green spaces, walking and cycling, playing field, childrens play project, initiatives to decrease use of the worlds scarce resources and many more. Many are situated in the disadvantaged communities Pruetz, R. (2012). Summary Generally trend in the literature reviewed is just before increasing support of the improvement, creation and existence of green space. The social, health, economic and environmental benefits of urban green space development is explores by this document. Lack of urban green spaces can negatively affect on mental health and also mental fatigue Pruetz, R. (2012). This study provides by English Nature, it was set within the background of regional and national policy. Many new researches focus on the relationship between health and green space at both a community and personal health. Community Investigation Community Investigation This research has been conducted to analysis to investigate the relation between the amounts of green space in the lives of peoples live in Kingwood Lincoln in Northamptonshire and to find the problems and suggesting the complex situation. In Northamptonshire there was lack of greenery so the residents have to face several health problems and many other problems in their daily life Rajagopal, B. (2003). This research has been analysed for different age and socioeconomic group. In this research study researcher consists a 100 respondent who are the residents of Kingwood Lincoln in Corby Northamptonshire are registered for general practices, researcher asked several questions on green spaces and perceived general health. As the percentage of green spaces in Kingwood Lincoln within a kilometre and two kilometre radius around the postal code organize was calculated for each household. In this research study, researcher went toward the respondent and asks various questions. Researcher get s the positive response that helps to analysis the study and gave deep knowledge about the problems of residents and also their solutions Richards, G. and Hall, D. (2000). Community Involvement and sustainability In this research researcher conduct 100 respondents. Researcher asked several questions. Researcher asked the importance of green space in their live and with the lack of greenery how their life are suffers and what kind of health problems they are faces in their daily life. Many people gave their response said that due to the lack of greenery level of pollution is high and because of that in Kingwood Lincoln peoples are suffering from various health problems Schaffer, H. (1996). In this research conducts some question to the respondent and preserve the green space and sustain it. This research helps to understand the problems related to the green space. It provides a vital knowledge about this study. In this research study researcher conducts 100 respondents where 85 percent of people gave their response Simonds, J. and Starke, B. (2006). Therefore the important information collected from the respondent helps the researcher in this study and for the green space sustainability severa l policies are implementing. These policies are as follows: Plans and policies for natural land: To identify the measure to enhance, preserve and manage the natural land in a form consistent with the intension for which the land is acquired then update the information of city on the environment assets of the3land and identify the potential, opportunities and issues for the outgoing management of the land. Incorporate the opportunities for the public asses and recreation. Include the opportunities for the community who participate in the preparation of the management plan and recognize the opportunities for the community partnership in the implementation of the plan Visscher, J. (1998). To encourage the private public owners of natural lands to keep the natural feature and function of the land through the design with natural principal where any kind of development is planned to minimize the impact on the natural quality of the land. Wicked Issue (problems) In this research of the study, researcher has to face several issues during research. They are mentioned bellow: Time limitation- Time limitation was one of the problem that researcher had to face. Time takes big matter in any research because the quality of the research depends upon the time. Because of the time limitation researcher could not find deep knowledge about this study Wainryb, C., Smetana, J. and Turiel, E. (2008). Residents busy schedule- Busy schedule of Kingwood Lincolns resident is another reason of this research. In kingwood Lincoln every individual has a busy lifestyle. So, the research had to face problem to conduct the knowledge about this research. Because of their busy schedule they could not gave proper time to researcher. Technical issues- In this research there are some lack of technicality. Researcher could not use the proper techniques in this research because of that they had to face some problems Francis.Ward Thompson, C. and Travlou, P. (2007). Lack of proper planning- To conduct a research it need a proper planning as research based on it. But in this research there were lack of planning and because of that researcher faced problems. Challenges for social Changes in Communities To make a social changes in community researcher had to face several challenges. These are as follows. Problems in gathering people- To conduct this research, researcher had to face several challenges and this is the one. In Kingwood Lincoln peoples have a busy life style therefore researcher had to face problem. Communication- In a research communication is an essential tool because it helps to connect researcher and respondent. Researcher had to face communication challenge during research. Understanding- to make social changes in community researcher and respondent has to be a strong understanding. In this research, there is a lack of understanding between the researcher and respondents. Individual Behaviour- This is another challenge that a researcher faced during his research because different peoples has different behaviour. Individuals behaviour provides impact on research process. Observation In this research there are 100 respondent conducted who are the resident of Kingwood Lincoln. 85 percent of people give their response. The respondent also feels the need of green space as they are suffering from health problems. This analysis has been conducted through the telephone service. In this research there were various questions are conducted to the respondent and they are as follows. Table1. Gender respondent Gender Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid Male 60 60% 60% Female 40 40% 40% Total 100 100% 100% This above table shows that in this research there are 60% of male and 40% female respondent. It shows males and females both are conscious about their health and green space. Table 2: Age of respondents Age in Years Frequency Percent Valid percent Valid 20-25 10 10% 10% 26-30 15 15% 15% 31-35 25 25% 25% 36-40 35 35% 35% 40 above 15 15% 15% Total 100 100% 100% This analysis has been conducted to know the awareness about the green spaces in Kingwood Lincolns residents. Researcher conducts different age group because different age group has a different point of views. Majority of respondent are 36-40 (35%) years and 31-35 (25%) both of this age group. Table 3: Do you agree that an innovative strategy is required to develop green space in Kingwood Lincoln? Innovative strategy is required Option No. Of respondent Total Respondent Response % Strongly Agree 35 100 35% Agree 20 100 20% Neutral 25 100 25% Disagree 15 100 15% Strongly Disagree 5 100 5% The purpose behind this analysis is to adopt innovative strategies to develop the green space in the Kingwood Lincoln. In this analysis researcher asked this question to the respondent through telephone. 35% of respondent strongly agree that tan innovative strategies needed to implement on Kingwood Lincoln. They think that environment development community should work properly whereas 20% of people only agree on the other hand 15 percent of respondent disagree with this. Table 4: Does the Environmental Development Communities work properly to develop the green space in Kingwood Lincoln? Environment Development Communities work properly Option No. Of Respondent Total Respondent Response% Yes 30 100 30% No 50 100 50% Not Sure 20 100 20% The purpose behind this research is to know how Environment development community is doing their job. 30 % pot of 100 respondent think that development communities are not doing proper. The maximum 50% of people do not think that environment development community do not work properly whereas 20% of respondents are not sure about this. Table 5: Does the lack of green space in Kingwood Lincoln affect the residents health? Affect residents health Option No. Of Respondent Total Respondent Response% Yes 60 100 60% No 10 100 10% Not Sure 30 100 30% In this analysis researcher asked to respondent about their health related problems due to the lack of green space. In this research there were 100 respondent conducted by researcher. 60% of respondent said yes. They think that it provides impact on their health 10% of people said no they do not agree with this. On the other hand 30% of people are not sure about this. The overall study shows that lack of green space in Kingwood Lincoln provide effect on their livelihood. A New Urban Design According to the () a successful place is where peoples get attracted to live, visit, work and invest. In new urban design great parks, squares and streets make for a good quality of life. But now a day in urban areas are surrounded by buildings, pollutions, motor vehicles therefore the people have to suffer from health issues. In Kingwood Lincoln there is a need of new urban design where is the efficiency of greenery. There will be park in every place. Trees should be planted at the edge of the road. There will be space between two buildings and garden will present in every colony. This work will confirm the link between the green space and residents health. Rich Picture As per picture Kingwood Lincolns new urban design should be like this. The area should be surrounded by greenery. Social challenges and coping mechanism of Kingswood estate Social challenges- The resident of the Kingwood has to face several problems due to the lack of green space. They are suffering from health problems and them also suffering from different issues. They have to face pollutions, mental problems and many more. The lack of green space provides affect on mental status. The suffered from many mental problems like depression, aggressiveness etc. In working man the effect of this can be finding easily. They are mostly suffered from depression. Older and children are suffered from asthma and many more disease. They also did bed wet. This also effect on childrens mental status they become irritated. The resident is also suffered from several skin diseases. The overall research conducts that it affect on mental, and physical status on their life. Mechanism of kingwood estate- The resident of the people is doing several plans and activities. They are planting trees at the edge of the road and they are making garden near to the society. They present to cut trees. The environment development community makes different policies for this. Every resident should plant trees and should not damage any trees or plant. Every year they occur an event in Kingwood and in this event they give knowledge relevant to the green space and that day they plant trees near to the houses, schools, offices and near to the road. The people who damage this property community also punish them. The provide awareness about green space to the children. They also campaigning in favour of green space. These activities provide deep knowledge about green space. Example of community Intervention Intervention 1: The Kingswood Action Plan The Kingswood action plan needs the government to implement his plans. The town planners, among others, decide between spaces and activities, they deal with the physical layout of communities, for making life comfortable, profitable and enjoyable they make proposals and start policies designed Andalo, D. (2007). Combined effort between government, physical planners and members of the public is essential for effective implementation and physical planning in any planned society. Sustainable development is probable when plan are implemented and done. There is the meaning of physical planning is just about organising things in the resolution. People would regret and agonize, when they dont organize. Governments at different levels they need to get their planning during increase visions while it is their responsibility to do physical planning in different organized society with the help of professional physical planners. All disorganised society is reflections of the people they dont know where they people are going Brent, J. (2009). There are only just 30% of the urban centres are planned and where this plans are available they are hardly enforced. This study reviews the statutes, policies and regulations that planning in common and urban green planning in mainly in order to recognize the areas that need development in so as to make sure sustainable development of our society. The first planning policy efforts start with the establishment of coastal urban construction and settlement of the railway in the colonial times( Egan, J. 2004). There existed new colonial policies that unstable the high potential land in the middle highland for the select commercial and settlement which use by the kingwood Lincoln . Market, local authorities and towns were set up in the highlands while units of administrative and trading centre to support the settler economy. It slept out the need to accurate development imbalances created by first recognize the role of urban, policies, local and rural development in the national economy and redistribute development and recentralized and planning. Intervention 2: The second intervention is how to benefit all Corby residents to make better. Planning and building policy In 1965, the African socialism and its request to planning in Corby were adopted. This paper gave the main policy for the development in different sectors of the economy in the society. Its need to correct development imbalances created the first policy and reorganisation and ruler development in the national economy and redistributed developing and planning. In 1978 a strategy of human settlement for ruler and urban development was developed. All frameworks were provided by it for the management of urban growth as well as the area of physical development in ruler and urban areas to develop a coherent system of settlement of human. It emphasized the growth and service centre policies. In 2012, the witnessed of country shift of policy with a change in the dispensation of political. The strategy of economic recovery for employment and wealth creation policy document was published in 2003. It recognized the policy actions necessary to urge the recovery of the economy and theses are as f ollows: First economic growth through measure to improve the revenues collection, expenditure restructuring and the policy of monetary that supports success of the economic growth without putting cost of stability into jeopar. Strengthening conditions of government. Investment in human capital particularly of the poor. Conclusion Kingwood Lincoln experiences the available of green spaces. It sets a background for regional and national policy. The kingwood Lincoln in North atmosphere region the study is applicable in the green nature of the environment. It also helps to demonstrate the social value of nature. It explores the social, environment and economic benefits to the development of green space. It also involves many activities such as recreational fields, urban culture, rooftop garden, traffic claiming and street claiming, community orchards. The project focuses on the relationship between health and the green space of both the community and health. Overall it effectively incorporates and improves the community the green space. In new urban design great parks, squares and streets make for a good quality of life. But now a day in urban areas are surrounded by buildings, pollutions, motor vehicles consequently the people have to suffer from health issues. The government of Kingswood Lincoln have needed to implement his plans. They planned some policies for make life easy or comfortable. Combine efforts between government and the members of the public is essential for effective implementation and physical planning in any planned society. The local of the people is doing several plans and activities. Understanding, Problems in gathering people, Communication, Individual Behaviour these are the several challenges which are faced by the community researchers. Reflective Commentary From this research the overall views come out that in Kingwood Lincoln, peoples are suffering from several health problems due to the lack of the greenery. Its provide effects on their daily life. Because of that in Kingwood Lincoln the pollution level reach in high level and residents has to face mental and physical problems( Carter, I. 2007). It mostly effects on the childrens health they feel problems in breathing, and they also become irritated and get depressed. The interviewing members of public are involved in research during the number of focus group discussions which is held in different part of the Kingwood Lincoln Northamptonshire. The overall impact on the resident is bad they need a better solution of it. In Kingwood Lincoln required a green space it will provide good impact on their social mental and physical condition of an individual. It will provide good impact on the social condition of Kingwood Lincoln. The people become aware about the greenery near their society. It will also provide good impact on their mental condition. Through the green space they will feel good and relaxed. The people will never feel depressed. For this they have to make a proper plan to create new urban design. References Andalo, D. (2007) Corbys on track to improve its yob capital reputation (online) Available from: https://www.guardian.co.uk/society/corby Brent, J. (2009) Searching for Community: Representation, Power and Action on an Urban Estate. The Policy Press: Bristol. British Crime survey (2010/11) Home Office (online) Available from:https://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/science/crime/crime/british-crime-survey. Butcher, H., Banks, S. and Henderson, P. (2007) Critical Community Practice. Polity Press: Bristol. Carter, I. (2007) Modernizing. In: Mathewman, S., West-Newman, C. L. and Curtis, B. (Eds) (2007) Being sociological. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Checkland, P. B. and J. Scholes (1990). Soft Systems Methodology in Action. Chichester, Wiley. Corby Borough Council (2007) Local Development Framework for North Northamptonshire Corby Borough Kingswood Area Action Plan:preferred options https://www.northamptonshireobservatory.org.uk/docs/docCorbyKingswoodAreaActionPlanPreferredOptions070221102732.pdf Corby Borough Council (2009) Corby Neighborhood Management JAG on your Street https://www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do? Department of Work and Pension (2011) Benefit Claimants in Corby :https://www.departmentofworkandpension.gov.uk/benefitclaimant Egan, J. (2004) Skills for sustainable communities. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister: Crown copyright. England-Joseph, J. (1998).Community development. Washington, D.C.: The Office. Geoghegan, J. (2012) Regeneration and Renewal. Corby RegenerationProject. https://www.generation+renewal/corbythecube. Giddens A. (2006): Sociology; 5TH Edition; Cambridge; Polity Press Gilchrist, A. (2009) The well-connected community: a networking approach to community development. Bristol: The Polity Press. Goodman, W. and Freund, E. (1968).Principles and practice of urban planning. [Washington, D.C.]: Published for the Institute for Training in Municipal Administration by the International City Managers' Association. Greico, M. S. (1984) Corby: new town planning and imbalanced development. Regional Studies 19 (1), p.9-18. Henderson2005) Including the Excluded: From practice to policy in European community development Bristol: The Policy Press. Hoey, D. (2007) Belonging: community. In: Mathewmann, S., West-Newman and Curtis, B. (Eds) Being Sociological. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. P.399-419. Home Zones (n.d.) Concept. What are Home Zones? https://www.homezones.org/concept.html Ledwith, M. (2005) Community Development: A Critical Approach. Bristol: The Policy Press. (2003) Sustainable Development and Social Sustainability. Hull: Strategic Research and Analysis, Department of Canadian Heritage. Miller, W.R. Rollnick, S. (2009).Ten things that Motivational Interviewing is not. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 37, 129 140. National Statistics (2011) Neighbourhood Statistics: NN18 9BE, Kingswood, Corby, Northamptonshire https://www.neighbourhood.statitics.gov.uk/dissemination/Neighb Neighbourhoodsummary.do?a=7b=277053c=NN18+9Beg=472173i=10013j=311334m=1p=3q=1r=0s=1301563233750enc=1tab=1inWales=false Office for National Statistics (2010) Labour Market https://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=12 Office for Parke, R. and Clarke-Stewart, A. (2011).Social development. Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley Sons. PenÃÅ'Æ’a Reyes, M. (2002).Growth status and physical fitness of primary school children in an urban and a rural commnity in Oaxaca, southern Mexico. [s.l.]: Michigan State University. PenÃÅ'Æ’a Reyes, M. (2002).Growth status and physical fitness of primary school children in an urban and a rural commnity in Oaxaca, southern Mexico. [s.l.]: Michigan State University. Pitchford, M. (2008) Making spaces for community development. Police UK (2011) Crime and ASB in this area https://www.police.uk/crime/?q=Corby,%20Northamptonshire%20NN18%209JF,%20UK#crimetypes Pruetz, R. (2012).Lasting value. Chicago, Ill.: APA Planners. Pruetz, R. (2012).Lasting value. Chicago, Ill.: APA Planners. Rajagopal, B. (2003).International law from below. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. Richards, G. and Hall, D. (2000).Tourism and sustainable community development. London: Routledge. Rittell, H. (1972) On the planning crisis: systems analysis of the first and second generations. Bedriftsokonomen 8, p.390-396. Rittell, H. and Webber, M. (1973) Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences4, p.15569. Robertson, D., Smyth, J. and McIntosh, I. (2008) Neighbourhood Identity: effects of time, location and social class https://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/ Schaffer, H. (1996).Social development. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Simonds, J. and Starke, B. (2006).Landscape architecture. New York: McGraw-Hill. The Brundtland Report (1987) Our Common future. The World Commission on Environment (WCED). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Thomas, R. (1969) From Aycliffe to Cumbernauld. A study of 7 new towns in their regions. London: PEP Visscher, J. (1998).FiltracÃÅ' §aÃÅ'Æ’o lenta atraveÃÅ' s de areia. Maputo: IRC Centro Internacional de AÃÅ' gua e Saneamento. Wainryb, C., Smetana, J. and Turiel, E. (2008).Social development, social inequalities, and social justice. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Ward Thompson, C. and Travlou, P. (2007).Open space. London: Taylor and Francis.

Essay Topics About Vampires: Use the Vampire Encyclopedia

Essay Topics About Vampires: Use the Vampire EncyclopediaEssay topics about vampires are perfect for both college students and those aspiring to enter the literature field. Both sides of the field have their own share of subjects to write about, whether it's a romantic tale or a historical account. When you write about something that you are passionate about, your essays will be very special. If you love to read, you will find that this topic can give you inspiration and make you want to get out more often.The Vampire Encyclopedia is one of the best options for a vampire-themed topic. You can choose to do one of two things. You can go about it as an article and use facts to highlight your topic, or you can write an essay. The latter is more challenging since you will have to discuss your subject in depth, especially if you are trying to write a personal essay. In addition, you need to pay attention to grammar and spelling as well.As for essays, you need to remember that the Vampire E ncyclopedia is not as easy as the paperback edition of the vampire story 'The Vampire Lestat.' In fact, if you are going to write a vampire essay, you should expect some difficulty. Some of the vampire-related subjects that are widely used to research essays are vampires, werewolves, and vampires. Other topics include historical aspects, effects of the decline of vampire society, as well as current events. You should also consider how you would go about writing it, as well as what kind of tips you would need to include. Finding information on the internet is one option, but not necessarily the best one.There are also some other more serious topics that you may choose to write about. Things like cold blooded killers, pirates, or leeches are some of the topics that you can investigate when you are writing a vampire-themed essay. However, if you are writing an essay, remember that you may also have to go over your source material.Of course, the length of your essay will be the most imp ortant thing. It should not be too long because you do not want it to be the type of essay that is boring for the reader. You do not want to give them any false hopes about how interesting the subject is, and the result of writing it could be the person that you are researching ends up not reading it because it was too long.One thing that you need to be aware of when you write about vampires is that if you do not speak the language, you might lose some of the credibility you had. Because the subjects may be related to English, it is important that you have at least some grasp of it. If you do not know how to speak, you might want to consider hiring a tutor. At the same time, do not write for too long either. You do not want the reader to become bored with your essay.Writing about specific topics is another way of having fun while learning. You can think of it as a project or assignment, but it can also be very effective if you have no clue what you are doing. Since this topic is not too advanced for you, it makes it easy for you to learn the grammar and spelling. You can also always ask the help of others, so that you can narrow down the topic so that you will get some more knowledge.

Pros and Cons of Airline Deregulation Essay Example

Pros and Cons of Airline Deregulation Paper Deregulation has brought charges that safety has been reduced in the transportation industries. Although theory suggests that safety might be lower in a competitive market than in a regulated one, experimental evidence shows that safety has not declined since the transportation industries were deregulated but has actually continued to improve. Even though deregulation and partial deregulation have brought great benefits to the economy and to the consumer, some interests have been adversely affected. In the airline industry, organized labor has been the principal loser. To this day, the major airlines are attempting to bring down their inflated labor costs. A number of airlines have established dual pay schemes where new employees are paid less. The deregulation process received a great boost in 1977 when President Jimmy Carter appointed Alfred Kahn to chair the CAB. This quintessential policy entrepreneur took charge at the perfect time. With a powerful intellect, a dedication to microeconomic efficiency, and a quick and infectious humor, Kahn set about reorganizing the CAB. Under Kahn, the board decided several landmark cases that tested open entry and unrestricted price competition (Civil Aeronautic Board 1978). The policy options, now, were narrowing. Early in 1978, both houses of Congress passed bills to liberalize regulation. Airline executives, such as American’s Crandall, faced with the prospect of a policy â€Å"that would leave the airlines half free and half fettered,† now shifted gears and called for the total elimination of economic regulation. In October, 1978, Congress passed the Airline Deregulation Act. President Carter signed it ten days later. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Airline Deregulation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Airline Deregulation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Airline Deregulation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The act then place maximum reliance on competitive market forces. The Civil Aeronautics Board would automatically certify entry, unless doing so damaged the public interest. Fares would be flexible within a wide zone of reasonableness, and mergers would be readily approved. If all went well, the Civil Aeronautics Board would cease to exist by 1985 (Crandall 1978). The first year of airline deregulation was one of the most difficult years of the history, commented Bob Crandall. As an industry, Airline Company seemed bent on giving away the store. And 1980 proved worse still. All but two of the major carriers lost money, with American Airlines’ first half losses the worst in the industry. Passenger traffic slumped because of the recession, and the price of jet fuel had doubled again. Intense competition for key routes, with wild fares discounting, caught the industry and its regulators by surprise. The major carriers were not at all prepared for the suddenness of competition. Although the deregulation act had proposed an orderly phase-out of regulation, reallocation of routes and fare competition swept past the board’s half-hearted attempts at stabilization. By the spring of 1980, carriers were virtually free to determine the routes they served and the prices they charged (Office of Economic Analysis 1982). In May, 1979, World Airways, a former charter, offered a one-way fare of $108 between New York and Los Angeles and New York and San Francisco. This touched off the â€Å"transcontinental wars† among the major carriers, under-cutting revenues of more than $750 million, just for those two routes. TWA expanded the war to the semi-transcontinental market, matched by all of the other majors. Pricing madness went from bad to worse when Eastern tried to enter, with an unrestricted transcontinental fare of $99. World went to $88, the others matched, and the price war spread to â€Å"peripheral transcontinental markets of Boston, Washington, and Philadelphia (Praskell 1981). Hastily, the majors began dropping unprofitable routes and entering the potentially profitable markets of their competitors. Braniff challenged American in the Southwest, while Delta attacked American’s hub at Dallas from the East. Eastern expanded out of LaGuardia toward the west, and United contested more of the major city-pair markets connected to its hub in Chicago. Such unrestricted competition forced a dilution of yields, pushing break-even load factors higher. Accelerated hubbing was the clearest short-term strategic response by the major carriers. This practice, of concentrating connecting flights at a particular airport, had been Intense competition for key routes, with wild fares discounting, caught the industry and its regulators by surprise. The major carriers were not at all prepared for the abruptness of competition. Although the deregulation act had proposed an orderly phase-out of regulation, reallocation of routes and fare competition swept past the board’s half-hearted attempts at stabilization. By the spring of 1980, carriers were virtually free to determine the routes they served and the prices they charged (Office of Economic Analysis 1982). Used to a limited extent since the 1960s, both Delta and Eastern had developed a significant hub at Atlanta; United at Chicago; American at Dallas, and Allegheny (now US Air) at Pittsburgh. But hitherto, regulation had severely constrained the use of the hub-and-spoke route structure as an operating strategy. Only after receiving route flexibility could the majors contemplate the potential economies of scale and scope that the hub-and-spoke system had to offer. In terms of strategy, organizational structure, and performance, American Airlines’ adjustments to deregulation, starting as the second-largest, but least efficient of incumbent domestic carriers, was the most thoroughgoing and successful. As such, it provides the sharpest contrasts for examining the effects of regulatory change on business practice. Conversely, its size and revealed market power show how effective strategy, like regulation, can shape market structure to create sustainable rents. American Airlines was not prepared for deregulation. Its break-even load factor was the industry’s highest. Its labor costs were higher than the industry average and its productivity growth lower. Its fleet was the least fuel efficient, and its route structure the industry’s most fragmented. During the period in which regulation broke down (1968-1974), American’s management had made several serious errors: overexpansion into hotel properties, acquisition of too many wide-bodied aircraft, cutbacks in the development of computerized reservation systems, a failed merger attempt, and, finally, a managerial crisis. In September, 1973, George Spater, American’s chairman, admitted to making an illegal contribution to the Nixon campaign. He resigned, leaving American with operating losses, major organizational problems, and ruined morale (Serling 1985). C. R.  Smith, American’s colorful chief executive from 1934 to 1968, came out of retirement just long enough to choose a new chairman – an outsider named Albert Casey, president of the Times Mirror Company. Casey, a rough-and-tumble Boston Irishman with a self-deprecating sense of humor, specialized in finance, liked a lot of people, but knew nothing about airlines. His immediate challenge was to restore confidence and eventually, to prepare the organization for the demands of deregulation. The effects of deregulation on market structure and performance were just as dramatic as on industry structure, but not quite so clear. Several exogenous events, including the second oil shock, the air traffic controllers (PATCO) strike in 1981, and the 1982-1983 recession, also shaped the patterns of adjustment. With this qualification in mind, we can observe significant changes in the following market characteristics: first, entry and exit conditions, second, price level and pricing mechanisms, third, segmentation, fourth, distribution channels, fifth, cost structure, sixth operations, seventh, demand eight, service levels (and safety), and nineth, industry profitability. Entry into the industry and into individual city-pair markets clearly opened up as soon as the CAB lowered its barriers. Relatively low minimum-efficient scale and capital costs made this possible, but few of these entrants survived to 1988. Despite the hopes of economists, particularly those associated with contestability theory, the airline industry did not turn out to be frictionless (Panzar and Willig 1982). By building economies of scale and scope, by segmenting markets with strategic pricing, and by developing control of distribution channels, the incumbent firms responded strategically to create competitive advantages and eventually foreclose entry. As the data came in, economists revised their views of the industry’s contestability. At best, it appeared to be a transitional condition. Deregulation prompted an immediate reduction of prices and a continuing fragmentation of pricing structure. Here too, the early pricing responses seemed to support the logic of contestability. Even monopolists lowered their fares. Eventually though, prices stabilized in the least competitive markets and then increased. Price structure, meanwhile, fragmented into a wide range of special packages, discounts, and incentive deals. By 1987, the proportion of passengers using some sort of discount fare had risen from 37 percent (1977) to 91 percent (Airline Deregulation 1988). Sophisticated customer and competitor analyses, drawing on computerized data bases, was performed daily to optimize revenue by adjusting schedules, fares, and seat allocations among discount categories. This development should not have been surprising, in view of airline economics and a history of similar, although constrained, pricing practices. Commodity like, price wars at the outset of deregulation were partly the result of the market’s desegmentation. Carriers only gradually implemented strategies to resegment the market by price, service, brand image, and loyalty. Among the most striking features of airlines deregulation was the development and newfound strategic importance of distribution channels (methods of selling tickets). Under regulation, distribution channels were unimportant and unsophisticated. But with the transition to competition, customer access and control suddenly became critical for sellers, while the fluidity of adjusting markets caused extreme informational problems for buyers. Computerized reservation systems, with a relatively small incremental cost of adding a travel agency and huge economies of scale and scope, quickly became a competitive bottleneck that first movers took a tremendous advantage of. By 1988, American (SABRE) and United (APOLLO) controlled 70 percent of the travel agency channel, leaving competing systems (TWA, Delta and Eastern) with too small a base and other carriers in abject dependency. Accordingly, Frontier and ten other carriers brought a civil antitrust suit, seeking damages and divestiture of SABRE and APOLLO. The case was based on the essential facility doctrine – the same concept that the government had used successfully to attack the Bell System. Although civil charges were dismissed late in 1988, the Department of Transportation continued to review proposals for divesting the airlines of their reservation systems. Cost reduction was a predictable result of deregulation. The most dramatic and politicized aspect of this process was the deco sting of labor. Elimination of work rules, increases in hard hours for flight crews, and wage givebacks all contributed to lower costs. Continental, by reducing labor costs to 1. 33 cents per available seat mile, set a competitive baseline for the others. Delta, even with its traditionally nonunion work force, remained at the high end with costs of 3. 54 cents per average seat mile. Like American, every major carrier eventually moved to reduce costs across the entire range of operations, fuel, overhead, fleet and route structure, as well as labor. In all, the cost per passenger-mile traveled declined by about 30 percent 1981 and 1987. On the other hand, since November 1974 airfare increases have outpaced the rate of inflation, President Jimmy Carter (D, 1977-1981) shared Senator Kennedy’s views on this issue. In 1975, he endorsed legislation to provide airlines with greater flexibility to reduce airfares, ease Civil Aeronautics Board’s regulations on trunk entry, and made it easier, with some protections for small communities for airlines to eliminate nonprofit able routes. The airline industry strongly opposed the relaxation or elimination of national government rules concerning entry and exit of air routes and passenger ticket prices. During congressional hearings, they testified that head to head competition might cause ticket prices to fall, but it would also bankrupt many smaller airlines, leading to the concentration of airline service into just a few large carriers that could conceivably, control the marketplace and impose even higher fares on passengers than before deregulation took place. For example, Robert Six, chairman of the board and chief executive officer of Continental Airlines, Inc. estified before the U. S senate Commerce Committee that deregulation will not lead to a more competitive situation. Rather, it is liable to result in a period of initial chaos and ultimately in a situation in which most of the air transportation system will be in the control of a few industry giants. The aviation industry also argued that deregulation would cause service reductions and in some instances complete elimination of service along many less profitable air routes, particularly those serving rural states and small-population cities. They also worried that deregulation would frighten investors making it more difficult for them to finance badly needed equipment facilities. They also warned that deregulation would adversely affect air safety because price competition would force airlines to defer maintenance and keep airplanes in service as long as possible. The industry’s labor unions also opposed deregulation. They feared that increased price competition might make it more difficult for them to win wage and salary concessions at the bargaining table. While Congress debated deregulation’s pros and cons, Alfred Kahn, President Carter’s choice to head the Civil Aeronautics Board, was sworn into office on June 10, 1977. He systematically altered the Civil Aeronautics Board’s regulatory behavior to allow airlines to fly as many routes as possible and at the lowest fares that they could afford. As airfares fell across the nation, Kahn received extensive and very positive media coverage. Although Congress was probably going to deregulate airlines regardless of Khan’s actions, the favorable publicity concerning Khan’s effort signaled to many on Capitol Hill hat it would be political suicide to fight airline deregulation. Sensing an opportunity to destroy its new competition, the larger airlines systematically reduced passenger airfares on routes also flown by the new start-ups. The practice was called predator pricing. The idea was to outlast the new start-ups and later recoup losses by raising passenger airfares after the start-ups were driven out of business. The strategy worked for Northwest Airlines. Its discount pricing forced People Express to abandon its Newark to the Twin Cities route. Northwest Airlines’ hub was at the Twin Cities Airport. However, in most instances, predator pricing resulted in economic losses for all airlines. Eastern Airlines, for example, lost to much money trying to kill off World Airline coast-to-cost routes that it was forced to withdraw from transcontinental service altogether. Also, United Airlines nearly went bankrupt trying to kill off People’s Express. By the late 1980s, predator pricing and other factors forced many start-ups into bankruptcy and many others to merge with other airlines. Overall, deregulation increased the number of air carriers but American, Delta, and United continued their dominance over the U. S market. Deregulation changed the basic nature of air service in the United States. Before deregulation most airlines exchanged passengers freely at major airports, a practice called interlining. After deregulation, airlines tried to keep their passengers to themselves. They discovered that it was more profitable to provide nonstop passenger air service between several major hubs instead of offering point to point, nonstop air service to numerous communities across the nation. Conclusion The airline industry appears to be evolving towards the segmented structure that existed prior to deregulation a small number of large trunk carriers offering long haul domestic and international services, regional carriers offering short and medium haul services within geographic areas and commuter carriers offering very short haul services to small communities. In aviation’s formative years, this structure was developed and controlled by government regulators. However, today’s evolution toward the segment marketplace is being driven and controlled by market forces with low entry barriers. Regulation has been a long-standing and indeed necessary feature of the airport transport industry the world over. Many countries, however, are now questioning the effectiveness, and indeed the relevance, of such regulations. More generally, questions are being asked about the appropriate balance between public and private sectors in the industry, whether existing regulations and operating structures are compatible with the introduction of new technology and more intense international competition, and many nations have sought to evaluate more systematically the overall contribution, an costs, of their ports to both domestic economic growth and inter-modal transport systems. In short, the world’s ports have reached a critical historical juncture. To date, however, airport reform in many countries has simply equated with labour reform, or more precisely a derogation of employment and working conditions. The propriety of such reform programmed must be questioned and, on the basis of the evidence presented in this paper. In developing countries in particular, where social protection for redundant workers is often more notable by its absence, the adverse effects of deregulation are indefensible. Furthermore, the experience of many countries suggests that deregulation by no means guarantees any improvement in airport performance. In fact, the long-term result may be the opposite. In contrast, there are several countries/ports where significant improvements in airport performance have been achieved while basic standards of employment have been at least maintained, if not improved. Thus, in several cases, productive efficiency continues to be founded on equity and efficiency in the labour market.

Characteristics of Giant Silkworm Moths and Royal Moths

Characteristics of Giant Silkworm Moths and Royal Moths Even people with no particular love of insects find the giant moths (and caterpillars) of the family Saturniidae fascinating. The name is thought to refer to the large eyespots found on the wings of some species. The eyespots contain concentric rings, reminiscent of the planet Saturns rings. These showy moths are easy to rear in captivity if you can find enough foliage to keep their very hungry caterpillars fed. Physical Characteristics Among the Saturniids, we find the largest moth species in North America: the luna moth, the cecropia moth, the polyphemus moth, the imperial moth, the io moth, the Promethea moth, and the royal walnut moth. The cecropia moth is a giant among giants, with the longest wingspan- a remarkable 5-7 inches- of all. Some Saturniids may seem dwarf-like compared to their gigantic cousins, but even the smallest of the wild silkworm moths measures a respectable 2.5 cm in wide. Giant silkworm moths and royal moths are often brightly colored, which may mislead first-time observers to refer to them as butterflies. Like most moths, however, Saturniids hold their wings flat against their bodies when at rest, and usually have stout, hairy bodies. They also bear feathery antennae (often bi-pectinate in form, but sometimes quadri-pectinate), which are quite conspicuous in males. Saturniid caterpillars are hefty, and often covered with spines or protuberances. These tubercles give the caterpillar a threatening look, but in most cases, theyre quite harmless. Do beware of the io moth caterpillar, though. Its branched spines pack a painful dose of venom and will inflict a long-lasting sting. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ArthropodaClass: InsectaOrder: LepidopteraFamily: Saturniidae Diet Adult silkworm and royal moths dont feed at all, and most have only vestigial mouthparts. Their larvae, however, are a different story. The largest caterpillars in this group can exceed 5 inches in length in their final instar, so you can imagine how much they eat. Many feed on common trees and shrubs, including hickories, walnuts, sweetgum, and sumac; some can cause significant defoliation. Life Cycle All giant silkworm moths and royal moths undergo complete metamorphosis with four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. In the Saturniids, an adult female may lay several hundred eggs during her brief lifetime, but perhaps only 1% will survive to their own adulthood. This family overwinters in the pupal stage, often in silken cocoons joined to twigs or nestled in a protective envelope of leaves. Special Adaptations and Behaviors Female Saturniid moths invite males to mate by releasing a sex pheromone from a special gland at the end of their abdomens. The male moths are renowned for their determination and unwavering focus on the task of locating the receptive female. They have a keen sense of smell, thanks to their feathery antennae brimming with sensilla. Once a male giant silkworm moth catches a whiff of a females scent, he will not be deterred by foul weather, nor does he let physical obstacles impede his progress. A Promethea moth male holds the long-distance record for following a females pheromones. He flew an incredible 23 miles to find his mate! Home Range References vary greatly in their accounting of how many Saturniid species live worldwide, but most authors seem to accept a number in the range of 1200-1500 species. About 70 species inhabit North America. Sources Family Saturniidae - Giant Silkworm and Royal Moths, Bugguide.net. Accessed January 10, 2013.Saturniidae, Butterflies and Moths of North America. Accessed January 10, 2013.Saturniid Moths, University of Kentucky Entomology. Accessed January 10, 2013.The Wild Silk Moths of North America: A Natural History of the Saturniidae of the United States and Canada, by Paul M. Tuskes, James P. Tuttle, and Michael M. Collins.